In summary, the Langmuir model assumes the adsorption occurring on a homogeneous adsorbent surface, while the Freundlich model describes multi-layers of adsorption process (Ma et al., 2015). The pore architecture of the nanocrystal is shown by a red wireframe outline, and the bulk water phase is represented as a semi-transparent blue volume. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China, 31: 11271139. Su utilidad tambin se deriva de su gran volumen de microporos (ya veces mesoporos) y la gran superficie resultante. The ability of MgAl layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and their calcined products to adsorb besticides contaminants, 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and 2-methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (DNOC) from water was assessed. Inhibition effects of some plant extracts on the acid corrosion of aluminium alloy. Glossary of atmospheric chemistry terms (Recommendations 1990), ber die Verdichtung von Gasen an Oberflchen in ihrer Abhngigkeit von Druck und Temperatur, Some generalization of Langmuir adsorption isotherm, The sticking probabilities of gases chemisorbed on the surfaces of solids, Carbon Dioxide Capture: Prospects for New Materials, Investigation of the effects of surface chemistry and solution concentration on the conformation of adsorbed proteins using an improved circular dichroism method, The effect of surface nanometre-scale morphology on protein adsorption, Chapter 5: Sorption Refrigeration Systems, The interpretation of CO adsorbed on Pt/SiO2 of two different particle-size distributions, Hydrogen adsorption states on silica-supported RuAg and RuCu bimetallic catalysts investigated via microcalorimetry, A Kinetic Study on the Adsorption and Reaction of Hydrogen over Silica-Supported Ruthenium and SilverRuthenium Catalysts during the Hydrogenation of Carbon Monoxide, A Sensible Mechanism of Alkali Promotion in FischerTropsch Synthesis: Adsorbate Mobilities, The Interaction of Hydrogen with Ru/MgO Catalysts, Poisoning of Pt/C catalysts by CO and its consequences over the kinetics of hydrogen chemisorption, Hydrogen spillover in heterogeneous catalysis, https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adsorcin&oldid=145538438, Wikipedia:Artculos con identificadores GND, Wikipedia:Artculos con identificadores LCCN, Wikipedia:Artculos con identificadores AAT, Licencia Creative Commons Atribucin Compartir Igual3.0. J Mater Res Technol, 9: 83508354. Part of Springer Nature. De hecho, las superficies de biomateriales en contacto con medios biolgicos, como sangre o suero, se recubren inmediatamente de protenas. The Langmuir and Freundlich models were used to fit the experimental data (Fig. Among these, most often used is solvent extraction method. [Links], 53 Badiea AM, Mohana KN (2009). Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms and kinetics for the removal of Tartrazine from aqueous solutions using hen feathers. [Links], 49 Shehata OS, Korshed LA, Attia A (2018). La adsorcin, el intercambio inico y la cromatografa son procesos de sorcin en los que ciertos adsorbatos se transfieren selectivamente desde la fase fluida a la superficie de partculas rgidas insolubles suspendidas en un recipiente o empaquetadas en una columna. J Hazard Mater 404:124162, Zhao R, Wang B, Theng BKG, Wu P, Liu F, Lee X, Chen M, Sun J (2021f) Fabrication and environmental applications of metal-containing solid waste/biochar composites: a review. Chem Eng J 390:124611, Fang M, Tan XL, Liu ZX, Hu BW, Wang XK (2021) Recent progress on metal-enhanced photocatalysis: a review on the mechanism. La alternativa ms plausible es el uso de material polimrico como el quitosano, el cual, debido a la presencia de grupos amino en la cadena polimrica y mediante su modificacin qumica, puede incrementar la eficiencia de sus uniones con el ADN. D.P.E., J.C., C.D., M.V.W. En otros casos, las interacciones moleculares entre molculas de gas previamente adsorbidas en una superficie slida forman interacciones significativas con molculas de gas en las fases gaseosas. Chemosphere 262:128031, Gholami L, Rahimi G (2021a) Chemical fractionation of copper and zinc after addition of carrot pulp biochar and thiourea-modified biochar to a contaminated soil. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsortion models were applied to describe the balance isotherms. En contraste con el derrame puro, la adsorcin en el sitio portal se refiere a la difusin de la superficie a los sitios de adsorcin adyacentes, no a las superficies de soporte no adsorbentes. Influence of the alloy microstructure and surface state on the protective properties of trivalent chromium coatings grown on a 2024 aluminium alloy. Tpac Amaru 210, Rmac Lima 25, Per, jcconisllab@uni.com. Narayan, R. L.; King, T. S. (1998). Where C0 is the highest initial concentration (mg/l). Adsorption is a surface process that leads to transfer of a molecule from a fluid bulk to solid surface. Rinsing with hexane the CA-triolein absorbent can be regenerated after absorption of POPs. [Links], 37 Abdel-Gaber AM, Khamis E, Abo-ElDahab H, Adeel S (2008). We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. These intermetallic phases normally reveal distinctive cathodic activity and this turns aluminum susceptible to corrosive attack [5]. No significant decrease in the dieldrin removal efficiency was observed even when the absorptionregeneration process was repeated for five times. Mater Today Sustain, 10: 100044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtsust.2020.100044 como la fraccin de sitios vacos, y tenemos: Adems, podemos definir https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA03944A The adsorption of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) by granular activated carbon was investigated, the maximum adsorption capacity of MTBE on granular activated carbon was 204.1 mg/g. Later, interest in natural products for application as corrosion inhibitors increased considerably and researchers around the globe reported several plant extracts as corrosion inhibitors in various medium [20]. k In: Springer Series in Materials Science. Carbohydr Polym 250:117003, Qu J, Wang Y, Tian X, Jiang Z, Deng F, Tao Y, Jiang Q, Wang L, Zhang Y (2021) KOH-activated porous biochar with high specific surface area for adsorptive removal of chromium (VI) and naphthalene from water: affecting factors, mechanisms and reusability exploration. Synthetic adsorbents are adsorbents prepared from Agricultural products and wastes, house hold wastes, Industrial wastes, sewage sludge and polymeric adsorbents. Adsorption isotherms, kinetics and mechanism for the adsorption of cationic and anionic dyes onto carbonaceous particles prepared from Juglans regia shell biomass. Thermodynamic investigations of U(VI) adsorption on PEI-alkali-biochar and PEI-acid-biochar (b) (Wang et al. The Freundlich model describes the adsorption of metal ions on the heterogeneous surfaces. Also, silica gel, activated alumina, AC, fitrasorb 400 and Hisir 1000 adsorbent were examined as adsorbents for the removal of phenol from aqueous solution. Comparison of two and three parameters adsorption isotherm for Cr(VI) onto Kraft lignin. La forma lineal de la ecuacin isoterma de Langmuir se da como: Los resultados obtenidos en los experimentos de contacto se intentaron ajustar al modelo de Langmuir de linealizacin (ecuacin 2). In summary, the Langmuir model assumes the adsorption occurring on a homogeneous adsorbent surface, while the Freundlich model describes multi-layers of adsorption process (Ma et al., 2015). The Langmuir isotherm is applicable to homogeneous adsorption where the adsorption of each adsorbate molecule on to the metal surface has equal sorption activation energy [59]. 6B, the underlying process of removing Pb(II) using BC was primarily attributed to the ion exchange and complexation with unsaturated C bonds, while NBC also had the interactions between graphitic-/pyridinic-N and Pb(II). 2021). El quitosano natural ha sido modificado por varios mtodos (ya sea fsica o qumicamente) con el fin de mejorar la capacidad de adsorcin, se han realizado diferentes tipo de reacciones, como por ejemplo formacin de policomplejos, de entrecruzamiento y cuaternizacin (alquilacin exhaustiva del grupo amino).1. Froment, G. F., ed. The Langmuir and Freundlich models were used to fit the experimental data (Fig. 2021a). The kinetics of adsorption of COD from coking wastewater onto AC was fit to the pseudo-second order model. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-009-9826-1. Chem Eng J 425:130585, Wan S, Qiu L, Li Y, Sun J, Gao B, He F, Wan W (2020) Accelerated antimony and copper removal by manganese oxide embedded in biochar with enlarged pore structure. Industrial wastes was used as low cost adsorbent for the removal of these pollutants. It is a known fact that the values of (Gads) of the order of 20 kJ mol-1 or lower point towards physisorption; those of order of 40 kJ mol-1 or higher include charge sharing or transfer to the metal surface from the inhibitor molecules to form a coordinate bond [54]. J Ind Eng Chem, 20: 42764285. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. La adsorcin mediada por el sitio del portal es un modelo para la adsorcin de gas activado selectivo del sitio en sistemas catalticos metlicos que contienen una variedad de sitios de adsorcin diferentes. Constr Build Mater, 245: 118464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118464. POPs are compounds of great concern due to their toxicity,persistence, long-range transport ability [4] and bioaccumulation in animals [5], travel long distances and persist in living organisms. Chem Eng J 418:129405, Song J, Zhang S, Li G, Du Q, Yang F (2020) Preparation of montmorillonite modified biochar with various temperatures and their mechanism for Zn ion removal. The H2O (a) and O2 (b) densities inside a silicalite-1 nanocrystal filled with 2,270mmoll1 H2O molecules at t=0. Note that 3D TEM image (B) was recorded with aluminosilica monoliths with a Si/Al ratio of 4 ( From El-Safty et al. Formulation and characterization of glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan biodegradable microspheres loaded with famotidine. In the other study for using activated carbon as adsorbent, magnetic and graphitic carbon nanostructures was used for the removal of a pesticide (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) from aqueous solution.The magnetic and graphitic carbon nanostructures as adsorbents were prepared from two different biomasses, cotton and filter paper. Inhibition of aluminium corrosion in alkaline solutions using natural compound. As shown by Sposito [3] the Freundlich model results from integrating the Langmuir equation over the continuum.Based on these two approaches only semi empirical parameters can be obtained. As illustrated in Table S5, the Freundlich coefficient of determination (R 2 0.9921) was better than for the Langmuir model (R 2 0.9822), indicating multilayer adsorption for Py-COF. Asian J Green Chem, 4: 283296. Chemosphere 282:131009, Czech B, Koczak M, Rakowska M, Oleszczuk P (2021) Engineered biochars from organic wastes for the adsorption of diclofenac, naproxen and triclosan from water systems. Biochar obtained from sugarcane in the agro-industry by low-temperature pyrolysis exhibited approximately 70% removal efficiency of thiamethoxam in 60min (Fernandes et al. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 3(6):436-442. Tea waste derived activated carbon for the adsorption of sodium diclofenac from wastewater: adsorbent characteristics, adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics. Sci Total Environ. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. The highest elimination capacity of MB was 248.96mg/g and the removal efficiency was 99.73%, when compared to 234.65mg/g and 94.0% for pristine biochar. The Freundlich equation or Freundlich adsorption isotherm, an adsorption isotherm, is an empirical relationship between the quantity of a gas adsorbed into a solid surface and the gas pressure.The same relationship is also applicable for the concentration of a solute adsorbed onto the surface of a solid and the concentration of the solute in the liquid phase. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. Preparation of plant extract plays a crucial role. The metal and medium selected for the study was AA2024 and NaCl solution (3.5%) respectively. Toxic organic pollutants cause several environmental problems to our environment. La difusin y los elementos clave de la tasa de adsorcin se pueden calcular utilizando las leyes de difusin de Fick y la relacin de Einstein (teora cintica). [Links], 39 Nik WBW, Zulkifli F, Rosliza R, Rahman MM (2011). It is well known that the dye effluents from dyestuff manufacturing and textile industries, may exhibit toxic effects on microbial populations and can be toxic and/or carcinogenic to mammalian animal. Para el agua adsorbida qumicamente, la hidratacin puede ser en forma de adsorcin disociativa, donde las molculas de H2O se disocian en -H y -OH adsorbidas en la superficie, o adsorcin molecular (adsorcin asociativa) donde las molculas de agua individuales permanecen intactas[20], El bajo costo ($ 200/tonelada) y la alta tasa de ciclo (2,000 ) de las zeolitas sintticas como Linde 13X con adsorbato de agua han ganado mucho inters acadmico y comercial recientemente para su uso para almacenamiento de energa trmica (TES), especficamente de energa solar de bajo grado de desperdicio de calor. Solvent employed for extraction was ethyl acetate and methanol. Different trends of COD removal efficiency with bottom ash dosage are also observed for coking and papermaking wastewaters because of their various POC concentrations [92]. a Thermodynamics indicated that the adsorption was endothermic and entropy-driven with an enhanced randomness in the solid-solution interface. Though plant extract offer several advantages, they suffer certain challenges. Esta diferencia corrobora la reaccin de entrecruzamiento entre el quitosano y el GL. La cuarta condicin es la ms problemtica, ya que con frecuencia se adsorbern ms molculas en la monocapa; este problema es abordado por la isoterma BET para superficies relativamente planas (no microporosas). The langmuir isotherm adsorption equation: The monolayer approach. Freundlich isotherm does not explain this observation and therefore, fails at high pressure. En la etapa final, el vapor refrigerante se (re)adsorbe en el slido. [Links], 55 Wei H, Heidarshenas B, Zhou L, et al (2020). El modelo parece haber sido propuesto por primera vez para el monxido de carbono en platino con soporte de slice por Brandt et al. J Environ Chemi Eng 7(3):103064, Nie T, Yang X, Chen H, Muller K, Shaheen SM, Rinklebe J, Song H, Xu S, Wu F, Wang H (2021) Effect of biochar aging and co-existence of diethyl phthalate on the mono-sorption of cadmium and zinc to biochar-treated soils. J Clean Prod 331:130023, Wang S, Shi L, Yu S, Pang H, Qiu M, Song G, Fu D, Hu B, Wang X (2022b) Effect of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 on U(VI) sequestration by montmorillonite. El primer evento est relacionado con la prdida de humedad que se da entre 60 y 110 oC debido a la evaporacin del agua, el segundo evento podra tratarse de la despolimerizacin con una mxima prdida de peso, la cual se manifiesta entre 220 y 300 oC debido a la degradacin de las cadenas principales del quitosano (ruptura de los enlaces C-O-C) adems de la separacin de grupos acetilo, y el tercer evento podra tratarse de la pirolisis, el cual se da por la descomposicin del material orgnico final. Estos dos se conocen como la hiptesis chi, la derivacin mecnica cuntica y el exceso de trabajo superficial, ESW. Structures of bovine, equine and leporine serum albumin. The materials without surfactants does not show, if any, affinity for ionic and non-ionic analytes. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. Advanced physico-chemical characterization of chitosan by means of TGA coupled on-line with FTIR and GCMS: Thermal degradation and water adsorption capacity. Chemosphere 286:131918, Wu B, Ifthikar J, Oyekunle DT, Jawad A, Chen Z, Chen Z, Sellaoui L, Bouzid M (2021a) Interpret the elimination behaviors of lead and vanadium from the water by employing functionalized biochars in diverse environmental conditions. Adv Mater 33:2106621, Yin G, Tao L, Chen X, Bolan NS, Sarkar B, Lin Q, Wang H (2021) Quantitative analysis on the mechanism of Cd2+ removal by MgCl2-modified biochar in aqueous solutions. Green Corrosion Inhibitors, Past, Present, and Future. The extraction technique must be cautiously chosen according to the aim of the study. [100]). Biochar 2(1):4764, Huang S, Bao J, Shan M, Qin H, Wang H, Yu X, Chen J, Xu Q (2018) Dynamic changes of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) degradation and adsorption to biochar as affected by soil organic carbon content. A review on extraction techniques and therapeutic value of polar bioactives from Asian medicinal herbs: Case study on Orthosiphon aristatus, Eurycoma longifolia and Andrographis paniculata. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05029-w. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Adems, QE 5% con una superficie muy rugosa y una estructura de poros ms abiertos podra suponer que es favorable para interactuar con el ADN a cierto punto, debido a que el mayor entrecruzamiento y la rugosidad de la superficie pueden evitar la interaccin del adsorbato con el adsorbente, lo que puede explicarse con los resultados de las isotermas de adsorcin. ( Prog Org Coatings, 142: 105567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.105567. The adsorption behavior of both antibiotics onto the virgin PS can well be described by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms as shown in Table 2. Los adsorbentes se utilizan generalmente en forma de grnulos esfricos, varillas, molduras o monolitos con un radio hidrodinmico entre 0,25 y 5mm. Table (1) shows selected adsorbent used for dyes removal from polluted water. Sci Total Environ 688:12051215, Zhao C, Hu L, Zhang C, Wang S, Wang X, Huo Z (2021a) Preparation of biochar-interpenetrated iron-alginate hydrogel as a pH-independent sorbent for removal of Cr(VI) and Pb(II). En el caso QE, este modelo no se cumpli de manera aceptable, obtenindose lneas quebradas. En general, este resultado indica claramente que existe una diferencia en la morfologa superficial entre quitosano y QE. A unique biochar/iron oxide composite (BM-Fe-HC) was effectively produced by ball milling iron-laden biochar (Fe-HC), which was applied for removing Cr(VI) (Zou et al. 6 Oxygen adsorption kinetics. {\displaystyle n_{ads}} Energies 14:1297, Li B, Li K (2019) Effect of nitric acid pre-oxidation concentration on pore structure and nitrogen/oxygen active decoration sites of ethylenediamine-modified biochar for mercury(II) adsorption and the possible mechanism. Data in parentheses correspond to the procedure when dried complex was added to the solution, whereas the other case correspond to the removal after incubation with DDAB followed by clay addition. The adsorption isotherm of OFL could be better fitted with Langmuir model than the Freundlich model (Fig. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and statistical physics models were fitted to the adsorption isotherms. Such protonated species are often adsorbed at cathodic sites on the metal surface and hence retard the hydrogen evolution reaction, which is probably responsible for the pronounced cathodic inhibiting effect [49]. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsortion models were applied to describe the balance isotherms. They give out electrons and form a defensive film on the metal protecting the material from corrosion. Bordi F, Chronopoulou L, Palocci C, Bomboi F, Di Martino A, Cifani N, et al. E Hamdaouia et al. Fig. [30] in another investigation also found that the porous unburned carbon in the fly ash was responsible for the adsorption of the dye, and not the fly ash itself. 2022; Zhou et al. 2021). Green inhibitors for steel corrosion in acidic environment: state of art. please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page. J Hazard Mater 405:124226, Cheng S, Chen T, Xu W, Huang J, Jiang S, Yan B (2020) Application research of biochar for the remediation of soil heavy metals contamination: a review. Detailed experimental steps including adsorption isotherms, the effects of solution pH, salinity, and FA content, as well as desorption tests are described in Supplementary Information Text S2. The adsorbent had good adsorption capability to dieldrin, which was indicated by a residual dieldrin concentration of 0.204 gL1. The natural product extraction advances through the following stages: (1) the solvent penetratiom into the solid matrix; (2) dissolving of the solute in the solvent; (3) the solute diffuses out of the matrix; (4) the solute extracted is collected. La cantidad adsorbida casi siempre est normalizada por la masa del adsorbente para permitir la comparacin de diferentes materiales. 2021a). The crosslinked quitosane microparticles (QE1%, QE5%) were prepared by reticulation with glutaraldehyde (GL). If you want to reproduce the whole The microparticles were characterized and subjected to adsortion tests. Electrochemical techniques proposed that the addition of the extract has led to the adsorption of inhibitor on the aluminum surface. Extended Data Fig. Within proximity of the Fermi level, the PDOS of p-orbitals contained additional peaks than that of s-orbitals, demonstrating that p-electrons were instrumental during the reaction procedure. Clearance Center request page. The adsorption capability of activated carbon for dimethyl phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate, two priority pollutants in water, were preferable. d Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Los grupos funcionales presentes en el quitosano y quitosano modificado (QE1%, QE5% y QC) fueron identificados empleando un Espectrofotmetro Infrarrojo con Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) Modelo Shimadzu-1800, en un rango de 4000 a 500 cm-1. [Links], 23 Hassannejad H, Barati A, Nouri A (2019). [10] El modelo se aplica a los gases adsorbidos en superficies slidas. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set a limit of 0.1 mg/L of phenol in wastewater. Extraction methods adopted for plant products. ; Zwikker, C. (1929). Therefore, it is of great significance to further investigate the simultaneous treatment of multiple contaminants and/or selective adsorption of one contaminant by biochar-based materials for actual water environment management. Plant derived cationic dye as an effective corrosion inhibitor for 7075 aluminum alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution. The dominant removal mechanisms of heavy metal ions were precipitation, ion exchange, and surface complexation. Five commercially available types of activated carbon (GAC 1240, GCN 1240, RB 1, pK 1-3, ROW 0.8 SUPRA )are prepared and used to remove organic chlorinated compounds from wastewater of a chemical plant. J Mol Liq, 337: 116547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116547 Todos los sitios de adsorcin son equivalentes y cada sitio solo puede albergar una molcula. Learn about adsorption isotherms calculations, its concept, Freundlich Adsorption isotherm & its properties along with freundlich adsorption isotherm calculation. article in a third-party commercial publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which Data in brackets are the predicted removal by Langmuir equation (binding coeffients). adsorbed molecules are adsorbed at definite, localized sites. "Sulfate" is the spelling recommended by IUPAC, but "sulphate" was traditionally used in British English.. Sci Total Environ 811:152280, Yuan P, Wang J, Pan Y, Shen B, Wu C (2019) Review of biochar for the management of contaminated soil: preparation, application and prospect. es la presin parcial del gas o la concentracin molar de la solucin. Organic corrosion inhibitors for aluminum and its alloys in chloride and alkaline solutions: A review. As shown by Sposito [3] the Freundlich model results from integrating the Langmuir equation over the continuum.Based on these two approaches only semi empirical parameters can be obtained. En 1938, Stephen Brunauer, Paul Emmett y Edward Teller desarrollaron un modelo de isoterma que tiene en cuenta esa posibilidad. All adsorbents except the carbonate-containing hydrotalcite possessed a very high adsorption capacity for both contaminants. The linear form of Temkin isotherm model is given by the following Eq. This is accredited to the fact that these compounds have nearly no influence on the ecological system. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng, 107: 012067. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/107/1/012067 J Clean Prod 247:119579, Zou H, Zhao J, He F, Zhong Z, Huang J, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Yu F, Bashir MA, Gao B (2021) Ball milling biochar iron oxide composites for the removal of chromium (Cr(VI)) from water: performance and mechanisms. 1) Para elegir entre las ecuaciones de Langmuir y Freundlich, se deben investigar las entalpas de adsorcin. Basic concept of adsorption, its types (i.e., chemisorption and physisorption) and its mechanism, adsorbents and adsorbates were included. Adsorption and Corrosion Inhibtion of Gnetum Africana Leaves Extract on Carbon Steel. Ambas micropartculas de quitosano se caracterizaron utilizando distintas tcnicas como la espectroscopa infrarroja con transformadas de Fourier (FTIR), difraccin de rayos X (DRX), anlisis termogravimtrico (TGA), anlisis termogravimtrico diferencial (DTG) y microscopa electrnica de barrido (SEM). Sawdust, a very low cost adsorbent was used, after carbonization, for the removal of phenol from industrial waste waters.

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