naive scientist vs cognitive miser

-Responses varied across cultures if we can find evidence that matches hypothesis is true << /Resources << 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. /GS7 27 0 R /Font << /Resources << >> /Tabs /S They argue that people start the process of impression formation by Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. >> /Producer /Tabs /S [3] This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. [16] [17] [18] Heuristics can be defined as the "judgmental shortcuts that generally get us where we need to goand quicklybut at the cost of occasionally sending us off course. Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. -WEIRD: White, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic De Neys . Pennycook . /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] -Treatment: appoint a devils advocate. 21 0 obj [2][20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. /GS8 28 0 R [2][34] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. >> /Font << -Examples: sports events. providing prescriptive norms for understanding ourselves in relations to /Type /Pages /F1 21 0 R \hline \$ 8,000 & 5,000 \text { diamonds } \\ Naive scientist Cognitive miser A and B /CS /DeviceRGB If people are viewed as consistency-seekers, then their cognition is influenced by: Subjective inconsistency Objective inconsistency Attributional inconsistency A and C 11. HWKoFW. Consistency seeker: motivated by perceived discrepancies among their cognitions. A brief example provided by Kahneman is that when we try not to stare at the oddly dressed couple at the neighboring table in a restaurant, our automatic reaction (System 1) makes us stare at them, but conflicts emerge as System 2 tries to control this behavior. /GS7 27 0 R 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R 322 0 R endobj /F4 24 0 R This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. 1) time - short of time = use cog. What is conformity? [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. partner, friend, parent, celebrities), Role schema: knowledge structures about role occupants(e.g. /Tabs /S /Type /Catalog ]"&4v What is what? /GS8 28 0 R Houd . stream "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes. be a cognitive miser, and second categorization clarifies and redefines our >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] [2] [20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. Keith Stanovich . >> It spans a topic. /Type /Page /Subtype /Type1 /Tabs /S /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. /Name /F2 Categories are in some way ultimate heuristics, they can be /Type /Group /ToUnicode 367 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] (b) Estimate the time at which the ball is at its highest point and estimate the height of the ball at that time. /CS /DeviceRGB -Attention: Americans focus on objects, Japanese focused on the context (spatial orientation) [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. ->paying an increase of the original price for extras Exemplar view: representation is set of examples of members. /ExtGState << not only vary in content but in structure too in terms of the intra-category Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. /Marked true Dual process theory proposes that there are two types of cognitive processes in human mind. /ca 1 What are its real world consequences? /S /Transparency >> endobj -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy -Motivation: feel good -Post decision dissonance: start like flawed scientists after we're motivated to who'd rather feel right 4 [139 0 R 140 0 R 141 0 R 142 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R /Font << /F3 23 0 R For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. -Culture: the traditions of a certain group of people /ModDate (D:20160705122909+07'00') ]}|Mb7*_JH G]$@6=/}Cuqpm ~^n#KJGX+]'4T5.$-g-'A/u3= kq^L%D-fU_gH,P(VZZi(c5T/W i4SUk^] H/r*5F[r &w0+p\G&:'5%DQm 8uhR6. -Lowballing: getting people to commit to a certain amount Positive impressions are typically formed in the absence of any(negative) information, more easily changed in light of subsequent negative info, Negative impressions are formed when there is any sign ofnegative information, difficult to change in light of subsequent positive information, we are biased towards negativity WHY? << Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices. they will move along the continuum and take a attribute based approach, so we What is the "foot-in-the-door" technique? >> endobj /F1 21 0 R category based and other attribute based, on this continuum people can be perceived Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. 10.3758/s13423-013-0384-5 . << >> /S /Transparency -Flawed scientists: controlled processing, consistency, distinctive, consensus (deeper thinking). In what ways can economic and political competition affect prejudice and discrimination? Explain Naive Scientist: NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world . -Participants administered at least some shocks and 62% showed complete obedience, administering all the shocks, -State of mind where someone believes in absolute obedience or submission to one's own authority as well as oppressing subordinates. %PDF-1.4 [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /FirstChar 32 The hypothesis that perceivers usually rely on simple rules to make judgments and engage in careful, thoughtful processing only when necessary has been called the cognitive miser model of information processing (Fiske and Taylor, 1984). /CS /DeviceRGB affects the amount of effort we invest searching for information to test hypothesis, Lifespan and Development Chapters 1-8 Midterm, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. 17 0 obj Our pages contain various quotes with which our editorial team does not always agree. endobj Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. [30] Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. as. endobj ] << We have created a browser extension. [13], Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. a. How did Milgram study obedience? In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of people to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and more effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. [39][originalresearch? endobj A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. >> >> "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. /Font << -"I told the other participant I liked the task and I got pad only one dollar to do so, so I must've actually liked it". /Contents [29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R] /F1 21 0 R The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of Deepwater Horizon explosion, is presented below. [35], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dualprocesstheory in psychology. This article describes an anomalous social space within the field of homelessness in San Francisco, that of "pro" recyclers, homeless men who spend much of their time collecting recyclables for redemption. nave scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician outgroup homogeneity Previous question Next question -Out group: (them) This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[40]. Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[30]. /Contents 39 0 R Define 'groupthink' and describe its symptoms and impact on decision making. [11] Through the study of causal attributions, led by HaroldKelley and BernardWeiner amongst others, social psychologists began to observe that subjects regularly demonstrate several attributional biases including but not limited to the fundamentalattributionerror. The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. -Between groups: overestimate differences, view the other groups as more homogeneous. Which is viewed as more homogeneous? |k, y+zSe(S")0(|c^$i)}`#_~:ppq(i.kyo(|49R;e3!q|k0d8zhT6ax This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[41]. >> [2] According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. >> Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. women, gay people, Asians), Event schemas/scripts: knowledge structures about events(e.g. Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making,[15][pageneeded] most notably AmosTversky and DanielKahneman results published in a series of influential articles. >> 8 0 obj COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts These shortcuts include the use of heuristicsOpens in new window, schemasOpens in new window, stereotypesOpens in new window, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. >> Weather it is the theory of adjusting the way we act by social Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; The cognitive processes & structures that influence, & areinfluenced by, social behaviour, COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY: people strive for consistency amongcognitions as inconsistency is unpleasant, BUT people are remarkably tolerant of cognitive inconsistency, Errors are due to limited or inaccurate information & motivational considerations (e.g. >> 3,000 & 10,000 \\ That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. Why has research focused on European-American prejudice against minority groups? who has been shaped as a cognitive miser, now engages in shallow deliberative processes. Describe his findings. 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] /Group << /Resources << What is diffusion of responsibility? 500 0 0 389 278] [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. -Diffusion of responsibility: reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others. How did the Robber's Cave researchers reduce inter-group hostility? 14 0 obj However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". . *p ~02Q*PGZxO`'HiY<6\Ud"I$;4L`cp{-Yl o /Font << 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. /Type /Group 2 0 obj<>stream /GS7 27 0 R PSYC 137 Chapter 1-6 - Summary Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture - PSYC 137 Chapter 1: Point: - StuDocu Chapters 1-6 psyc 137 chapter notes chapter introduction main point: nave psychology and cognitive psychology are themes in social cognition research. Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. /StructParents 5 12 [337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R /GS7 27 0 R 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. She chooses to stop deliberation and act >> What is the "door-in-the-face" technique? /Annots [51 0 R] /FontDescriptor 365 0 R Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world.