david bentley hart substack

[6] His translation of the New Testament was published by Yale in 2017[7][8][9][10] with a 2nd edition in 2023. What follows is my own open letter in response. David Bentley Hart's Vision of Universal ReconciliationAn Extended Review", "Shall All Be Saved? Whatever Harts limitationsthey are huge, as one would expect; when a giant stumbles he makes a messhe is brilliant, and frequently lovable, and on a couple of occasions personally helpful to me. I would take it that Christs incarnation is that historically novel event that anchors the symbols in something besides the imagination. His lonely characters strike a familiar chord for any city dweller. His two most recent books are A Virtue for Courageous Minds: Moderation in French Political Thought and Faces of Moderation: The Art of Balance in an Age of Extremes. Ep. His short stories have been described as "Borgesian" and are elaborate metaphysical fables, full of wordplay, allusion, and structural puzzles. In 2015, he was appointed as Templeton Fellow at the University of Notre Dame Institute for Advanced Study and is currently a collaborative scholar in the departments of Theology and German for Notre Dame. I confess that I have of late struggled not so much with my commitment to Christ, who remains the great love of my life, but with my specifically Christian identity. DAVID BENTLEY HART: Well, I definitely don't believe in an eternal hell, no. Open app. Hart's academic books include The Beauty of the Infinite: The Aesthetics of Christian Truth (Wm. -52:26. With a few more specifics, Hart wrote on April 3, 2022: In my heart of hearts, I want to vote for someone whose entire political philosophy is derived from John Ruskin by way of Kenneth Grahame, with lashings of William Cobbett, Gilbert White, and William Morris; failing that, I want to enjoy the luxury of writing in Wendell Berry on every ballot. 0:00. WebDavid Bentley Hart may be reached at dhart4@nd.edu. 108 David Bentley Hart responds to claims of heresy by Fr. James Dominic Rooney wrote several articles for Church Life Journal (with the McGrath Institute for Church Life at the University of Notre Dame) that accused Hart of multiple heresies related to his books That All Shall Be Saved and You Are Gods. (Something of the sort worked well enough in the empire of Graeco-Roman late antiquity or the empire of Kublai Khan.) [17], Hart has authored eighteen books and produced two translated works. 60 Dr. Thomas Senor - Christian Philosopher, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Arkansas, and editor of the academic journal Faith and Philosophy. David Bentley Hart)", "Shall All Be Saved? Obsessed with learning. I show his arguments are fallacious. It isnt only Harts view of the world that has been consistent. William Placher said of the book, "I can think of no more brilliant work by an American theologian in the past ten years. Maggie Haberman's book shows how Donald Trumps New York experience set the context for his odd and sometimes dangerous presidential style. Professor Hart was a Directors Fellow and a Templeton Fellow in residence at the NDIAS. The picture here is of a perhaps permanently stalled Christianization of the world, turned back by the Promethean arrogance of modernity. Devouring everything I can trying to "level up", to understand myself and this world better, to edge an advantage, to try and shine a light slightly further down the tunnel of where life might go. Ep. Its fundamental argumentthat the traditional concept of tradition as a metaphysical force in all surviving post-Christendom Christianities, Catholicism, Orthodoxy, and the various Protestant communities is incoherent, that a workable concept of tradition is however necessary for Christianity to be what Christians claim it to be, and that the only possible such concept will be one that is oriented primarily towards the futureis one that I already believed, but could not have put as well and would not have thought to put a contrario but also in succession to John Henry Newman and Maurice Blondel. Such concepts as memory and object permanence he shows as the corrupting fictions they are: they prevent us from rightly celebrating the miracle of any persons mere presence. But Harry, unlike Roland, is both beneath and above language: too stupid to recognize words, too wise to bother with them. Sign up to discover, read, and support great writing. I show his arguments are fallacious. "[36], In 2020, Theological Territories: A David Bentley Hart Digest was named Best Religion Book of the Year by Publishers Weekly. [Like what you're reading? At the age of 18, Hart moved from high-church Anglicanism to join the Orthodox tradition and is asked to serve and contribute by leaders in his church tradition such as the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. Even here, Harts style is consistent with his theology. You have to ask yourself, "Whose more free, the person who knows what it is that he's seeking or the person who doesn't?" Email. Among his signal contributions to the popular understanding of these matters is the clear distinction he insists upon between the easy and the hard problems of consciousness, the former being those of the psychological and physiological structures and processes associated with mental events, the latter being that of the phenomenal character This just distracts from examining the serious consequences of his own views. Please. 3 2 3 likes Community But my hunch is that those same people, stoked into compassion by their own lives as strangers and exiles, may generally be who is left at the end of this centurys promised tumult to keep the apocalyptic dream alive. I wanted to discuss the matter with Harry, our bulldog. Roland in Moonlight depends less on dramatic structure, but I still could have used about a hundred fewer pages of it. What follows is my own open letter in response. It suggests that nothing is truer than the historical moment when that death actually occurred, and that if other things are true its because that moment is. that at the macroscopic level Christianity as a whole has demonstrated throughout its history, raising the question of how it might be a single tradition at all. My parish has burned out ex-Evangelicals and skeptical half-Buddhists who have found themselves unexpectedly fed and held by a prayerbook liturgy and preaching rooted in a thoroughly Nicene understanding of the Bible. Is it important to hire Catholic intellectuals at Catholic universities? 2020), Tradition and Apocalypse: An Essay on the Future of Christian Belief (Baker Academic, 2022), and You Are Gods: On Nature and Supernature (Notre Dame Press, 2022). Both booksindeed all of Harts fictionsare overlong. What is the purpose of human existence? Near the end, Roland enjoins Hart to continue to believe all of it, and Hart agrees that he cannot relinquish any dimension of anything that I find appealing or admirable from all the worlds religions. WebWe would like to show you a description here but the site wont allow us. David Hart Oct 30, 2022 08. 2023 Commonweal Magazine. Hart refers to the idea of an atemporal fall in his 2005 book The Doors of the Sea as well as in his essay "The Devils March: Creatio ex Nihilo, the Problem of Evil, and a Few Dostoyevskian Meditations" (from his 2020 book Theological Territories): The fall of rational creation and the conquest of the cosmos by death is something that appears to us nowhere within the course of nature or history; it comes from before and beyond both. Roland in Moonlight is too strange, entertains too many important questions, and is written with too palpable a love for Harts family and his dog not to command the attention of philosophically inclined readers. Also by this author Say What You Mean Some readers will dislike the books whimsicality and excesses, but Rolands digressions on the mind-cosmos relationship make these a small price to pay. WebFoliis tantum ne carmina manda, ne turba volent rapidis ludibria ventis Click to read Leaves in the Wind, by David Bentley Hart, a Substack publication with thousands of readers. 60 Dr. Thomas Senor - Christian Philosopher, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Arkansas, and editor of the academic journal Faith and Philosophy. Twitter. Copy link. As an outspoken advocate of classical theism as seen, for example, in his book The Experience of God[74] who is also, more generally, engaged with the schools of continental philosophy, idealism, and neoplatonism,[75] Hart also affirms monism. In struggling, I am only listening sincerely to the freely expressed attitudes of many of the dearest friends that I have made in the Orthodox and Catholic worlds: that my inability or unwillingness to compromise either, or the mental, emotional, and spiritual health and well-being of the people closest and most special to me, whose love makes life meaningful, in the name of upholding the antiquity or the orthodoxy of institutions for whom I am at best a nameless asset and at worst a nameless threat signifies that I have no real Christian conviction at all. He exposes his opponents errors of fact or logic with ruthless precision.[40], Oliver Burkeman, writing in The Guardian in January 2014, praised Hart's book The Experience of God as "the one theology book all atheists really should read". Because David Bentley Hart freely admits to not having a "pastoral bone in his body," I'm curious to see whether he reflects upon the ways in which Christian tradition, at least when well-curated and held with an open hand, can bring incredible blessing and richness to people's lives. Share this post. [78][79][80] This grounding in Christian metaphysics, insistence on universalism being the only true articulation of the Christian gospel, and use of combative rhetoric all combine to make Hart's case for universalism more uncompromising than most previous Christian arguments, and this has led to the use of the term "hard universalism" to describe Hart's position.[81]. Which dualism? A young boy, Michael, living on a world called Kenogaia, is entrusted by his father with a secret: there is a new object in the sky, headed to earth. And ornateness is just Harts mode, anyway; one might as well fault Kraftwerk for using computers. "[34], Hart's first major work, The Beauty of the Infinite (2003), an adaptation of his doctoral thesis, received acclaim from the theologians John Milbank, Janet Soskice, Paul J. Griffiths, and Reinhard Htter. In Kenogaia, as in C. S. Lewiss That Hideous Strength, the diffuseness of the ending, driven perhaps by the need to balance out all of the authors allegorical accounts, robs it of much of its emotional impact. I prefer to think of myself more as a scholar of religious studies, by the way, than a theologianand there are a lot of people who would prefer I call myself that, as well. Webdavidbentleyhart .substack .com. Professor Hart was a Directors Fellow and a Templeton Fellow in residence at the NDIAS. On days where I do not think very much of myselfso, most daysthose voices are profound to me; on days where I struggle, in the third year of a pandemic that has seen several changes in religious community for me and my family and that has witnessed the decline of regular attendance at liturgy for me and that is now beginning to witness a real loss of desire and energy for prayer between vocational and domestic work and the rat race of trying to sketch out a decent future for my child in the hellscape of the contemporary world, those voices are practically all that I can hear blaring in my ears when I dare to call myself a Christian. Commonweal's latest, delivered twice weekly. -52:26. [38][39] It was also praised by the agnostic philosopher Anthony Kenny in The Times Literary Supplement: Hart has the gifts of a good advocate. In 2017, Hart was described by Matthew Walther (a columnist at The Week and later founding editor of The Lamp) as "our greatest living essayist".[25]. Tradition and Apocalypse: An Essay on the Future of Christian Belief. Also by this author Say What You Mean Nevertheless, your point is well-taken. I am starting a subscription newsletter on Substack, dedicated to all the topics that fascinate me, in all the genres in which I typically write. In statements like these, some readers see a shift from the idea of Christianity as a unique divine invasion of history to just one more religion among others. ne turba volent rapidis ludibria ventis Rananim Now: Lawrencian Musings on Anti-Machine Theology, This site requires JavaScript to run correctly. This is only the first posting, and yet this Substack page is about forty years old. 62 Dr. David Bentley Hart on his Substack newsletter "Leaves in the Wind" and, of course, Frank Robinson. James Dominic Rooney regarding the necessity of all being saved", "Universal Salvation? 3 2 3 likes Community So I understand both the difficulty of explaining it and the impossibility of forgetting it, at once, and how it can change your life. The New Testament: A Translation was published in 2017 with Yale University Press (and a 2nd edition in 2023). In 2017-2018, he served as the NDIAS's Assistant Director of Undergraduate Research Assistants. Of his longer fictions, Roland in Moonlight is the strangest, and the most accomplished. Devouring everything I can trying to "level up", to understand myself and this world better, to edge an advantage, to try and shine a light slightly further down the tunnel of where life might go. 62 Dr. David Bentley Hart on his Substack newsletter "Leaves in the Wind" and, of course, Frank Robinson. It builds off a series of columns Hart began to write during the middle of the previous decade, in which he has a long series of conversationsabout cognition, about the Beatles, about the ontological primacy of spiritwith his dog, Roland. It becomes an extended argument against philosophical materialism, prosecuted, successfully, by Roland, who must often pause to explain his more startling apothegms to his slower-witted companion. I will not give away what Hart sees as the future of Christian belief, but I will say that whatever the structure of that belief has been, we are facing and will continue to face the prospect of yet more seismic change to the Christian form in the course of postmodernity, in which we will need all the help we can get to figure out what Christianity will and should be in such a setting, provided it will survive and flourish; some of us are already living through at the microscopic level the very processes of deconstruction, reconstruction, repetition, and diaspora that at the macroscopic level Christianity as a whole has demonstrated throughout its history, raising the question of how it might be a single tradition at all. Like what you're reading? Webdavidbentleyhart .substack .com. [61], Hart has cited a wide variety of inspirations and influences in his writing as well as across his various areas of scholarship in religious studies, philosophy of mind, and Christian metaphysics. [86][87] During a September 16, 2022 conversation with Rainn Wilson, Hart shared briefly about an indescribable past experience of his own on Mount Athos: I was in this state of spiritual despair, and I also had an encounter. WebSelf As Lab | David Hart | Substack About Self As Lab I have always been curious. What, exactly, is David Bentley Harts deal? As an Episcopal priest with friends and colleagues who have left the Episcopal Church to join the Orthodox Church, the Anglican Ordinariate, and ACNA, I'm familiar with the voices which loudly proclaim that any pastoral and/or intellectual openness, at least around certain contested theological questions, is a sure sign of timidity and unbelief. Departing from the spiritual elitism of some Gnostic writers, Hart makes it clear that none of his characters are merely physical: everyone we have met throughout the novel, it turns out, is a spark of the divine, including several distinctly dislikable characters. There is craft, even genius, in the pacing of the early chapters, the way Hart leads the reader, by hints and coincidences, into a world where fairies exist and dogs talk. WebDavid Bentley Hart 600 Paperback 38 offers from $7.21 That All Shall Be Saved: Heaven, Hell, and Universal Salvation David Bentley Hart 632 Paperback 52 offers from $11.31 The Experience of God: Being, Consciousness, Bliss David Bentley Hart 324 Paperback 47 offers from $8.49 Editorial Reviews From the Back Cover David Artman August 4, 2021. Will these books interest readers who arent otherwise concerned with Harts worldview? How Odd Of God To Save This Way. At first I thought that this was another one of his provocations. His fiction includes The Devil and Pierre Gernet: Stories (2012) as well as two books from 2021: Roland in Moonlight and Kenogaia (A Gnostic Tale). Ep. [18][19][20][21][22], Since the late 1990s, Hart has published hundreds of essays on varied subjects including Don Juan, Vladimir Nabokov, Charles Baudelaire, Victor Segalen, Leon Bloy, William Empson, David Jones, The Secret Commonwealth of Elves, Fauns and Fairies (1893), and baseball. Next. -52:26. Clause follows clause like the folds in a voluminous garment, every noun set off by beguiling and unusual modifiers (plus some of his old favorites, like beguiling). Frankly, it is only something like Harts take on tradition that allows for ambiguity, exploration, discovery, and nuance in theology at all, since it is only a notion of tradition that is based on the concept of ongoing, unfolding revelation consummated in the eschatological future that can broker the possibility that Christianitys ultimate meaning is not straightforward or obvious, especially as considered historically, only intelligible from the vantage of the theandrocosmic love that is its endgame. 0:00. But in his new book, Tradition and Apocalypse, he argues that the Christian tradition is bankrupt. Facebook 0 David Artman September 15, 2021. David Hart Aug 3, 2022 07. This is only the first posting, and yet this Substack page is about forty years old. He writes with clarity and force, and he drives his points home again and again. I see the Spirit at work in their lives, and I see Christ's grace and mercy showing up consistently like springs of water in hard, dry places. In that sense, my primary response to Harts book is one of gratitude for the affirmation it provides me. David Hart Aug 3, 2022 See all Thanks for your clear and short review. Next. Anyway, I also do not want to spoil the argument too much. Ornateness is just Harts mode, anyway; one might as well fault Kraftwerk for using computers. B. Eerdmans, 2003), The Experience of God: Being, Consciousness, Bliss (Yale, 2013), The Hidden and the Manifest: Essays in Theology and Metaphysics (Eerdmans, 2017), That All Shall Be Saved: Heaven, Hell, and Universal Salvation (Yale, 2019), Theological Territories: A David Bentley Hart Digest (Notre Dame Press. (It even anticipates his reading of the Garden of Eden story as one in which an insecure God tries to stifle the growth of his creatures.) Open app. Roland in Moonlight and Kenogaia (A Gnostic Tale). WebA reader of David Bentley Hart's Substack informed me of a post where he engages in his usual bilious attacks and misrepresentations. 5 In the last decade, I have belonged, in a serious way, to every major Christian communion, especially to Anglicanism, Orthodoxy, and Catholicism; in the latter two, despite a strong desire to make them work, I found that my life in community and the real obstacles I was facing to it were both predicated on my near-perennially expressed commitment to institutions and concepts of authority that, apart from being incoherent, were simply irrelevant to the real challenges of making religion work for something other than my own ego, during the pandemic, and in the generally secularizing world of the second and early third decades of the twenty-first century. Let me explain. I will not give away what Hart sees as the future of Christian belief, but I will say that whatever the structure of that belief has been, we are facing and will continue to face the prospect of yet more seismic change to the Christian form in the course of postmodernity, in which we will need all the help we can get to figure out what Christianity will and should be in such a setting, provided it will survive and flourish; some of us are already living through at the microscopic level the very processes of deconstruction, reconstruction, repetition, and. in Interdisciplinary Study from the University of Maryland, a M.Phil. [Pounce] To believe all of it is to believe none of it. Jack is a Barthian universalist in whom the iconoclasm of the first Calvinists nevertheless runs strongafter expressing these opinions, he leapt to the downstairs windowsill and, before I could stop him, knocked my mother-in-laws Virgin Mary statue off the windowsill again. davidbentleyhart.substack.com. [56][57], Although there are accusations of heterodoxy from some of Hart's Christian critics, especially after his 2019 publication of That All Shall Be Saved, a variety of prominent Christian scholars with strong commitments to traditional Christianity praised the book. This just distracts from examining the serious consequences of his own views. But the question What is David Bentley Harts deal? But I suspect I will die before that day comes. WebDavid Bentley Hart | Substack David Bentley Hart Author of books and shorter works in a variety of genres--treatises, essay collections, fiction, children's fiction, vignettes, verse--on a variety of topics--religion, philosophy, literature, the arts, politics, culture, baseball, and so forth. Several of these have shaped future books such as The Doors of the Sea, Roland in Moonlight, and Atheist Delusions: The Christian Revolution and Its Fashionable Enemies (Yale, 2009). Its fundamental argumentthat the traditional concept of tradition as a metaphysical force in all surviving post-Christendom Christianities, Catholicism, Orthodoxy, and the various Protestant communities is incoherent, that a workable concept of tradition is however necessary for Christianity to be what Christians claim it to be, and that the only possible such concept will be one that is oriented primarily towards the futureis one that I already believed, but could not have put as well and would not have thought to put, but also in succession to John Henry Newman and Maurice Blondel. He charges at everybody as though that person were an old friend brought back from the dead. In The Experience of God (2014) he wrote about his admiration for Vedanta in particular, which he now says he prefers to several popular strains of Western Christianity. [82], Hart is married and has one grown son with whom he co-wrote the children's book The Mystery of Castle MacGorilla (2019). Thousands of paid subscribers Leaves in the Wind Hart is the rare writer whose nonfiction works feature rhetorical artistry and poetic prose that I would not want to deprive the ordinary reader the joy of discovering for the first time on their own. It's easy for some individuals to create rich worlds of religious meaning and purpose, but for most of the people I know, the Church is absolutely essential to resisting the emptiness, busyness and superficiality of daily life in the secular West. Gradually his disagreements with Calvinism and manualist Thomism grew more strident. What does one say about an oeuvre marked by genius, charity, the love of Christ, and also in places by wooly-mindedness, spite, ego, acedia? $24.95 | 386 pp. Share this post. More fundamentally, some longtime readers of Hart wonder what he is driving at. But the imminent collapse of the civil order of the entire world doth make pragmatists of us all. Ep. [11], A prolific essayist, Hart has written on topics as diverse as art, baseball, literature, religion, philosophy, consciousness, problem of evil, apocatastasis, theosis, fairies, film, and politics. Thousands of paid subscribers Leaves in the Wind It sure as hell didn't turn me into a saint but did actually make me realize that the spiritual dimension of reality is reality.[88]. What follows is my own open letter in response. David Bentley Harts prodigious mind and imagination has given us just such a book. Facebook. Then he placed those universalist cards on the table. Kenogaia (A Gnostic Tale) David Bentley Hart Angelico Press $22.95 | 434 pp. David Hart Aug 3, 2022 See all On days where I do not think very much of myselfso, most daysthose voices are profound to me; on days where I struggle, in the third year of a pandemic that has seen several changes in religious community for me and my family and that has witnessed the decline of regular attendance at liturgy for me and that is now beginning to witness a real loss of desire and energy for prayer between vocational and domestic work and the rat race of trying to sketch out a decent future for my child in the hellscape of the contemporary world, those voices are practically all that I can hear blaring in my ears when I dare to call myself a Christian. Perhaps, here, Sophie's World meets Alice through the Looking-Glass, or Don Quixote meets The Wind in the Willows. Professor Hart was a Directors Fellow and a Templeton Fellow in residence at the NDIAS. [30], Hart added two books to his fiction works in 2021: Roland in Moonlight and Kenogaia (A Gnostic Tale). Oct 21, 2021 On Christian Freedom and Capitalism - David Bentley Hart The employment of the will, if it's truly to be free, can never be severed from intellect as a knowledge of what it is you're seeking. Support our work today!]. Hart has always oscillated between writing about Christianity from inside and writing about it from outside, as it were. The religious system of Kenogaia resembles those varieties of orthodox Christianity that Hart rejects. WebA reader of David Bentley Hart's Substack informed me of a post where he engages in his usual bilious attacks and misrepresentations. Published in the October 2022 issue: View Contents Tags Books Theology Fiction Phil Christman is a lecturer at the University of Michigan and the author of Midwest Futures. Obsessed with learning. Foliis tantum ne carmina manda, But in his new book, Tradition and Apocalypse, he argues that the Christian tradition is bankrupt. As literary influences, Hart and others have noted Lewis Carroll and Kenneth Grahame. I confess that I have of late struggled not so much with my commitment to Christ, who remains the great love of my life, but with my specifically Christian identity. Angelico Press David Artman August 4, 2021. [28], In 2012, The Devil and Pierre Gernet, a collection of his fiction, was released by Eerdmans. As recently as the mid-2000s, he couldwith his strictures on liberalism, his anger at the emptiness of modernitys worship of choice, his First Things columnlook like another bowtied Christian cultural conservative, albeit an unusually interesting one. David Hart Aug 3, 2022 07. Aurelian is a political science prof at Indiana University in Bloomington. Next. [60] In 2017, Hart served on a special commission of Orthodox theologians for the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople to help compose For the Life of the World: Toward a Social Ethos of the Orthodox Church and to coauthor the preface. might be asked less admiringly. [Pounce] Says Ja but never nein. Oct 21, 2021 On Christian Freedom and Capitalism - David Bentley Hart The employment of the will, if it's truly to be free, can never be severed from intellect as a knowledge of what it is you're seeking. [15] He has taught at the University of Virginia, the University of St. Thomas (Minnesota), Duke Divinity School, and Loyola College in Maryland. [93], For the religious historian specializing in Presbyterianism, see, The Experience of God: Being, Consciousness, Bliss, Atheist Delusions: The Christian Revolution and Its Fashionable Enemies, "Review: David Bentley Hart's 'Splendid Wickedness', "A Mind-Bending Translation of the New Testament", "Martyn Wendell Jones Essay on Two New David Bentley Hart Books", "A DECLARATION ON THE 'RUSSIAN WORLD' (RUSSKII MIR) TEACHING", "David Bentley Hart To Lead Colloquium On "Mind, Soul, World: Consciousness In Nature", "Description of The New Testament: A Translation", "David Bentley Hart's New Testament Translation", "What's New About David Bentley Hart's Translation of the New Testament; Assessing its Translation Effectiveness and Affectiveness", "The 'Ideal Version of the Text': A Text-Critical Review of the Greek Text Behind David Bentley Hart's New Testament", "Description of The New Testament: A Translation (Second Edition)", "David Bentley Hart to Speak at Benedictine College", "David Bentley Hart: Commentary on the Liberal Arts, Civilization, and the Future of Christianity", "A Person You Flee at Parties: Donald and the Devil", "The Devil and Pierre Gernet - David Bentley Hart", "DBH's the Devil and Pierre Gernet: A Pendulation of Spirit", "Roland in Moonlight by David Bentley Hart", "Kenogaia (A Gnostic Tale) by David Bentley Hart", "Roland in Moonlight, by David Bentley Hart: John Saxbee learns from man's best friend", "The Beauty of the Infinite: The Aesthetics of Christian Truth", "Theological Territories: A David Bentley Hart Digest", "Winner of 10,000 Theology Prize Announced", "David B. Hart wins the 2011 Michael Ramsay prize", "The one theology book all atheists really should read", "Roland Receives His First Book of the Year Notice", "Catholic Media Association 2022 Book Awards", "The New Testament in the strange words of David Bentley Hart", "Translating the N. T. Wright and David Bentley Hart Tussle", "The Spiritual Was More Substantial Than the Material for the Ancients", "Whose pantheism?