characteristics of ethiopian agriculture

USA.gov|FOIA|Privacy Program|EEO Policy|Disclaimer|Information Quality Guidelines |Accessibility, Official Website of the International Trade Administration, Comply with U.S. and Foreign Export Regulations. At the same time, to accelerate the countrys agricultural development, the government established the Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI) to address systemic bottlenecks in the agriculture sector by supporting and enhancing the capability of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and other public, private, and non-governmental implementing partners. [31] ploughing the land to soften the land takes three months and from sowing and seedling to the harvesting of the crops requires three to four months. Practically all animals are range-fed. It focusses on Ethiopia and provides a broad overview of some of the key developments in agriculture. Grains - Grains are the most important field crops and the main element in the diet of most Ethiopians. The government and the international community are working together to address many of these challenges. For the later two Regions, estimated numbers vary greatly between conventional and aerial censuses, but total less than 15% of the non-nomadic Regions. A major subsistence crop, barley is used as food and in the production of tella, a locally produced beer. Ethiopia's agricultural sector has developed favourably over the past decade, but rapid population growth, limited access to fertile land, and volatile agricultural outcomes pose problems for the . Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. Examining the characteristics of stakeholders in Lake Tana Sub-basin resource use, management and Governance -- 21. [7], Ensete, known locally as false banana, is an important food source in Ethiopia's southern and southwestern highlands. After the 1975 land reform, peasants began withholding grain from the market to drive up prices because government price-control measures had created shortages of consumer items. Put in perspective, Ethiopia's key agricultural sector has grown at an annual . External links to other Internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the views or privacy policies contained therein. During the rainy seasons, water and grass are generally plentiful, but with the onset of the dry season, forage is generally insufficient to keep animals nourished and able to resist disease. Ensete flour constitutes the staple food of the local people. Additional investment opportunities are expected in the textile and garment sector as well as cotton production. In 198182, out of the AMC's purchases of 257,000 tons of grain, Gojjam accounted for 32 percent of the purchases, and Arsi, Shewa, and Gonder accounted for 23%, 22%, and 10%, respectively. In the 1980s, as part of an effort to increase production and to improve the cultivation and harvesting of coffee, the government created the Ministry of Coffee and Tea Development (now the ECTA), which was responsible for production and marketing. [7], While efforts are being made to intensify and industrialize the sector, questions arise as to how Ethiopia can develop and expand its livestock population when Ethiopians already struggle to gain access to good soil, grazing land, and water. As a result, up to 200,000 Ethiopians perished. Since then, export earnings from this sector have grown to about US$65 million in 200607 and are projected to double over the next few years. The agricultural production sector is a backbone of the Ethiopian economy. These types of soils are found in much of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR). To examine the current situation on the use of agricultural technologies by . Supply and demand characteristics 2 2.3. Pulses were a particularly important export item before the revolution. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2% per annum over the next ten years. The objective of the LSMS-ISA is to collect multi-topic panel household level data with a special focus on improving agriculture statistics and the link between . In early 1990, the government essentially abandoned villagization when it announced new economic policies that called for free-market reforms and a relaxation of centralized planning. The 1977 famine also provided an impetus to promote conservation. Overall, the economic reform plan sets out required strategic interventions to increase agricultural productivity and modernization of agriculture in the next 10 years. [7], The effect of the Derg's land reform program on food production and its marketing and distribution policies were among two of the major controversies surrounding the revolution. To show other various factors (political, policy, cultural, religious, affected crop production and productivity in Ethiopia. The main objective of this review is to indicate the policy gaps in terms of access . [7] In EFY 20072008, the CSA reported that 17,827,387.94 quintals of pulses were produced on 1,517,661.93 hectares, an increase from the 15,786,215.3 quintals produced on 1,379,045.77 hectares. Agro-processing, such as beverages, biscuits, bread, milk, meat, chicken, cooking oil, fruit and vegetables, etc. The GOE is focusing on expanding chicken meat production in order to reduce the countrys longstanding dependence on the livestock sector, minimize the sectors environmental footprint, and provide more affordable protein to the masses. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. Ethiopias cotton production is insufficient to meet the growing demand from the textile and apparel sector. There also was concern that villagization could have a negative impact on fragile local resources, accelerate the spread of communicable diseases, and increase problems with plant pests and diseases. Agriculture. This study (1) investigates the extent and spatial distribution of soil acidity . Most of these farmers lived in the Ethiopian Highlands, mainly at elevations of 1,500 to 3,000 meters. Available data on crop production show that land reform and the various government rural programs had a minimal impact on increasing the food supply, as production levels displayed considerable fluctuations and low growth rates at best. To implement this strategy, the government relied on peasant associations and rural development, cooperatives and state farms, resettlement and villagization, increased food production, and a new marketing policy. Agricultural products account for . [8], During the imperial period, the development of the agricultural sector was retarded by a number of factors, including tenancy and land reform problems, the government's neglect of the agricultural sector (agriculture received less than 2 percent of budget allocations even though the vast majority of the population depended on agriculture), low productivity, and lack of technological development. [7], Ethiopia's demand for grain continued to increase because of population pressures, while supply remained short, largely because of drought and government agricultural policies, such as price controls, which adversely affected crop production. Finally, although the production cost of pulses and oilseeds continued to rise, the government's price control policy left virtually unchanged the official procurement price of these crops, thus substantially reducing net income from them. Section D. For instance, the 198485 official procurement price for 100 kilograms of teff was 42 birr at the farm level and 60 birr when the AMC purchased it from wholesalers. During this period, markets were major actors of economic activity and various positive measures, which encouraged . The most important oilseed is the indigenous Niger seed (neug), which is grown on 50 percent or more of the area devoted to oilseeds. [15], About 98 percent of the coffee was produced by peasants on smallholdings of less than a hectare, and the remaining 2 percent was produced by state farms. Please see below a summary of agricultural focus areas and objectives laid out in Ethiopias ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030). Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) In the highlands, oxen provided draft power in crop production. By 1974 the Ministry of Agriculture's Extension and Project Implementation Department had more than twenty-eight areas with more than 200 extension and marketing centers. The beneficial climate in the Highlands of Ethiopia also enabled irrigation and other advanced agricultural technology. Agricultural equipment and systems, such as tractors, irrigation equipment, and grain handling Infrastructure like, silos, cold storage facilities, etc. 133 8.5.2. There are also expanding opportunities for grocery sales to retail and wholesale outlets that are starting to spring up all over Addis Ababa. However, rural households are still faced with severe food insecurity and malnutrition. Researchers found however that, since transhumance takes place in summer, during school holidays, the transhumance in itself does not affect schooling. Rain-fed cotton also grew in Humera, Bilate, and Arba Minch. Furthermore, the ten-year plan envisages to build a climate resilient green economy. Agricultural production has been highly dependent on natural resources for centuries [].However, increased human population and other factors have degraded the natural resources in the country thus seriously threatening sustainable agriculture and food security [2, 3]. Coffee grows wild in many parts of the country, although most Ethiopian coffee is produced in the Oromia Region (63.7%) and in the SNNPR (34.4%), with lesser amounts in the Gambela Region and around the city of Dire Dawa. It began with the domestication of crops and animals. Flaxseed, also indigenous, is cultivated in the same general area as Niger seed. The anticipated growth in these subsectors could open niche opportunities for sales of U.S. grain and oilseed commodities in the future, as well as processing and storage equipment, such as feed mills and soybean extruders. Ethiopia: Urban Agriculture and Poverty Alleviation. According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. The first, found in areas with relatively good drainage, consists of red-to-reddish-brown clayey loams that hold moisture and are well endowed with needed minerals, with the exception of phosphorus. APDF readeris available from Adobe Systems Incorporated. Because of drought, which has repeatedly affected the country since the early 1970s, a poor economic base (low productivity, weak infrastructure, and low level of technology), and overpopulation, the agricultural sector has performed poorly. fruit crops, stimulant crops and sugar cane are cultivated by farmers and other agricultural sectors in Ethiopia. The data from 460 sheep were used for the determination of morphometric characterization while 110 male sheep and 150 females were used to characterize the reproductive performance of Blackhead Somali sheep breeds. <i>Methods</i>. Demand for vegetables has stimulated truck farming around the main urban areas such as Addis Ababa and Asmera. The industry began in 2004, when the government made an aggressive push for foreign investments by establishing a presence at major international floricultural events. In Ethiopia 95% of the total area is cultivated by smallholder farmers and contribute 90% of the total agricultural output. Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor. In early 1989, for example, the price of one kilogram/US$0.58; of coffee was by June it had dropped to US$0.32. The third most important oilseed is sesame, which grows at elevations from sea level to about 1,500 meters. The study sought to assess the role of smallholder farming in crop productivity and market access . Agriculture as a key element for the development of other sectors 3 3. Ethiopia's economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for 46% of GDP and 85% of total employment. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. Under the current administration, the GOE has renewed its emphasis to develop the agriculture sector, ensure food security, and achieve import substition. The market is segmented by type into food crops, fruits, and vegetables. The mixed agriculture exhibits several subsystems. The Awash River basin supports many large-scale commercial farms and several irrigated small farms. It was also estimated that over 60 percent of the cultivated area was cropland. Primarily, growth in the market should reach 8.1 percent per year during this time frame. Many of the existing and anticipated increases in livestock production, as envisioned under the LMP, are linked to the consistent availability of quality livestock feed, animal genetics, and veterinary services. Ethiopia is well positioned because highland temperatures make it ideal for horticulture, the average wage rate is US$20 per month (compared to US$60 a month in India), the price of leased land is about US$13 per hectare, and the government has tremendously aided the entry of new businesses into this sector in recent years. Merkebu Getachew. Depending on international market conditions and local demand factors, there may be opportunities in the future for U.S. wheat and soybean sales to Ethiopia. The northern parts of the highlands are almost devoid of trees. 1401 Constitution Ave NW Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute (EIAR), Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation (ETBC). to industries; export crops, from whose sales industries infrastructure and the like may be established; and . Most oilseeds are raised by small-scale farmers, but sesame was also grown by large-scale commercial farms before the era of land reform and the nationalization of agribusiness. Skip to Article Content; Skip to Article Information; Search within. An estimated 85 percent of the . The combined pressure of crop and livestock production and the ever-increasing human f AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN ETHIOPIA 285 population on the land in this farming system is high. The Homegrown economic reform plan identified structural and institutional bottlenecks affecting the agricultural sector in Ethiopia. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) The AMC set quotas of grain purchases to be delivered by peasant associations and cooperatives and also bought from private wholesalers, who were required to sell half of their purchases at predetermined prices. However, the removal of arable land for conservation projects has threatened the welfare of increasing numbers of rural poor. UNJP-RWEE was a five-year long initiative with the objective of accelerating the economic empowerment of rural women . But with proper drainage and conditioning, these soils have excellent agricultural potential. However, these cattle do relatively well under the traditional production system. It then continues in summarising the main specific characteristics of agriculture: The land use function, the supply and demand characteristics, the contribution of the agricultural sector to the provision of positive externalities and public goods, food as a unique and most essential good and agriculture as a key element for the development of . The increased production coming from existing and anticipated investments in the local agro-processing sector, as well as imports, are expected to help satisfy this growing demand. However, expansion was constrained by inadequate nutrition, disease, a lack of support services such as extension services, insufficient data with which to plan improved services, and inadequate information on how to improve animal breeding, marketing, and processing. Nevertheless, Ethiopia's manufacturing sector is still far from being the engine of growth and structural change. Food production had consistently declined throughout the 1980s. [7], Before the Ethiopian Revolution, pulses and oilseeds played an important role, second only to coffee, in the country's exports. The poor performance of agriculture was related to several factors, including drought; a government policy of controlling prices and the free movement of agricultural products from surplus to deficit areas; the unstable political climate; the dislocation of the rural community caused by resettlement, villagization, and conscription of young farmers to meet military obligations; land tenure difficulties and the problem of land fragmentation; the lack of resources such as farm equipment, better seeds, and fertilizers; and the overall low level of technology. Although the AMC had agents in all regions, it was particularly active in the major cereal producing regions, namely, Gojjam, Shewa, Arsi, and Gondar. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. Agriculture accounts for 36% percent of the nation's Gross domestic Product (GDP) as of 2020. While by 1988 a total of 3600 Service Cooperatives were serving 4.4 million households and almost 4000 Producer cooperatives comprising 302,600 households had been founded, in that year they represented only 5.5% of national cereal production. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country, and are the most important soils. The contribution of agriculture to growth in the manufacturing and services sectors was not significant between 1978 and 1998. [17], Ethiopia's flower industry has become a new source for export revenue. Ethiopia has considerable potential for producing cotton.