[citation needed]. All newer and many older petrol cars bought in Sweden should handle this. British heavy bomber designs often had three gun turrets with a total of 8 machine guns. He conceived his Spherical Bomb, Surface Torpedo after watching his daughter flip pebbles over water. Its been several days of heavy work and still not a drop has gotten past this stuff. ", "Effects of Intermediate Ethanol Blends on Legacy Vehicles and Small Non-Road Engines, Report 1", "Preliminary Test Report Shows No Significant Change in Vehicle Emissions from Intermediate Ethanol Blends", "Can Using Gas With 15 Percent Ethanol Damage Your Car? Eventually, U.S. heavy bomber designs, optimized for formation flying, had 10 or more machine guns and/or cannons in both powered turrets and manually operated flexible mounts to deliver protective arcs of fire. Bitumen feedstock is mostly sourced from mining facilities. This is likely the future of upgrading in the oil sands. The Halifax joined squadrons in November 1940 and flew its first raid against Le Havre on the night of 1112 March 1941. Upgrading is a process by which bitumen is transformed into light/sweet synthetic crude oil (SCO) by fractionation and chemical treatment, removing virtually all traces of sulphur and heavy metals. This fuel has been used with success in many Swedish Scania buses since 1985, which has produced around 700 ethanol buses, more than 600 of them to Swedish cities, and more recently has also delivered ethanol buses for commercial service in Great Britain, Spain, Italy, Belgium, and Norway. leela prasad. [16], Engine lubricants are evaluated against the American Petroleum Institute (API), SJ, SL, SM, SN, CH-4, CI-4, CI-4 PLUS, CJ-4, CK, and FA, as well as International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee (ILSAC) GF-3, GF-4, and GF-5, and Cummins, Mack and John Deere (and other Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM)) requirements. This applies to short trips of under 15 kilometres (10mi), where the oil does not get to full operating temperature long enough to boil off condensation, excess fuel, and other contamination that leads to "sludge", "varnish", "acids", or other deposits. The fluid is optimized for the special requirements of a transmission, such as valve operation, brake band friction, and the torque converter, as well as gear lubrication. PTFE is a very soft material, thus its friction coefficient becomes worse than that of hardened steel-to-steel mating surfaces under common loads. Synthetics include classes of lubricants like synthetic esters (Group V) as well as "others" like GTL (methane gas-to-liquid) (Group III +) and polyalpha-olefins (Group IV). Such particles could circulate in the oil and grind against the part surfaces causing wear. This diluent is typically a naphthenic solvent (commonly referred to as naphtha) but can also be a paraffinic solvent or condensate. Such particles could circulate in the oil and grind against moving parts, causing wear. Blend for 2010 was 2.7% and expected to reach 4.5% in 2011, Actual blend is subject to ethanol availability, The State of Oregon exempted premium unleaded gasoline (91. This is driven by the EPA requirement that the same viscosity grade of oil used in the MPG test must be recommended to the customer. Natural gas (also called fossil gas or simply gas) is a naturally occurring mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons consisting primarily of methane in addition to various smaller amounts of other higher alkanes.Usually low levels of trace gases like carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, and helium are also present. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants.. Group III base stocks have similar characteristics to Group II base stocks, except that Group III base stocks have higher viscosity indexes. SUG improves the quality of the PUG streams, typically gas oils, distillates and naphtha, through the addition of hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst. During the war, German industrial production actually increased, despite a sustained Allied bombing campaign.[9]. From dense urban areas to remote locations; communities and operations of every application and industry rely on robust, flexible, and fully integrated power systems on demand or full-time, in a global economy where the power is API FA-4 oils are different (that is why API decided to start a new group in addition to API Sx and API Cx). In petrol (gasoline) engines, the top piston ring can expose the motor oil to temperatures of 160C (320F). A special head-to-canister O-Ring seal prevents leakage. Many patents proposed use perfluoropolymers to reduce friction between metal parts, such as PTFE (Teflon), or micronized PTFE. On the other hand, if a car is driven just for very short distances, the oil will not fully heat up, and it will accumulate contaminants such as water, due to lack of sufficient heat to boil off the water. Distillate products from the LC-Finer are processed in an integrated hydrotreater. Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric & Fuel Cell Vehicles - Mehrdad Ehsani. Escort fighters were needed but the RAF interceptors such as the Supermarine Spitfire had very limited endurance. Some quick oil change shops recommend intervals of 5,000 kilometres (3,000mi), or every three months; this is not necessary, according to many automobile manufacturers. [109] A further reduction in the ethanol content is used during the winter in regions where temperatures fall below 0C (32F)[110] and this blend is called Winter E85, as the fuel is still sold under the E85 label. API (American Petroleum Institute) specifications are often seen on oil containers and they show the minimum standard of oil that can be used in an engine. E10 blends are typically rated as being 2 to 3 octane numbers higher than regular gasoline and are approved Scania manufactures the bus engine and chassis in its plant located in So Bernardo do Campo, So Paulo, using the same technology and fuel as the ED95 buses already operating in Stockholm. [citation needed] The main function of motor oil is to reduce friction and wear on moving parts and to clean the engine from sludge (one of the functions of dispersants) and varnish (detergents). According with the Association, BMW, Chrysler, Nissan, Toyota, and Volkswagen warned that their warranties will not cover E15-related damage. Mixed tanking scenarios with anhydrous ethanol blends at 5% or 10% level do not induce phase separation. In typical modern vehicles, oil pressure-fed from the oil galleries to the main bearings enters holes in the main journals of the crankshaft. These winter blends are used in the United States and Sweden for E85 flexible-fuel vehicles during the cold weather, but still sold at the pump labeled as E85. We offer heads, filters and related accessories for use in suction and in-tank (low-pressure), return lines (medium-pressure) and pressure line (high-pressure) applications. Soon after, Reading also introduced ED95 double-deck buses. Formal theory. [107][108], In the US, this seasonal reduction of the ethanol content to E70 applies only in cold regions, where temperatures fall below 32F (0C) during the winter. Recovered hydrogen sulphide is sent to the Sulphur Recovery Unit. Viscosity and specification explained. When the measurements are normalized, the difference becomes 1.0%, a result that is highly consistent with an estimation of calorific values based on approximate fuel composition, which came out at 1.1% in favour of E5.[55]. A federal law was passed in October 1993 establishing a mandatory blend of 22% anhydrous ethanol (E22) in the entire country. Since November 1, 2008 became available in some cities and will become mandatory in May 2009. 7000+ amazing blocks Mobirise Free Website Builder app offers 7000+ website blocks in free, premium themes and page templates that include sliders, image/video galleries, articles, blog posts, counters, chat buttons, online shops, countdowns, full-screen intros, shopping carts, features, data tables & pricing tables, progress bar & cycles, timelines, tabs & accordions, call Continued operation of an internal combustion engine without adequate engine oil can cause damage to the engine, first by wear and tear, and in extreme cases by "engine seizure" where the lack of lubrication and cooling causes the engine to cease operation suddenly. European Union - 2022/10/27 Draft Commission Implementing Decision on the nonapproval of certain active substances for use in biocidal products in accordance with Regulation EU No 5282012 of the European Parliament and of the Council This page was last edited on 30 October 2022, at 06:39. Prop 30 is supported by a coalition including CalFire Firefighters, the American Lung Association, environmental organizations, electrical workers and businesses that want to improve Californias air quality by fighting and preventing wildfires and reducing air pollution from vehicles. The International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee (ILSAC) also has standards for motor oil. [148] An improved flex-fuel engine generation was developed to eliminate the need for the secondary gas tank by warming the ethanol fuel during starting,[149][150] and allowing them to start at temperatures as low as 5C (23F),[151] the lowest temperature expected anywhere in the Brazilian territory. After reducing waste as much as possible through recycling and sustainability, managing waste protects land quality. 5 and no. Despite these technological innovations and new capabilities of other contemporary military aircraft, large strategic bombers such as the B-1, B-52 and B-2 have been retained for the role of carpet bombing in several conflicts. HMK03 Series Duramax spin-on filters offer twice the capacity of competitive filters, yet they are physically smaller than traditional housing/cartridge filter assembles. These evaluations include chemical and physical properties using bench test methods as well as actual running engine tests to quantify engine sludge, oxidation, component wear, oil consumption, piston deposits and fuel economy. HBK05 is a strong and durable low pressure filter with a spin-on design that simplifies servicing and reduces maintenance costs. Lubricant base stocks are categorized into five groups by the API. When North Korea attacked South Korea in 1950 the USAF responded with daylight bomber raids on supply lines through North Korea. Pipeline specs can be met either by upgrading or dilution with a very light oil. [30]. Specifications are important as these indicate the performance of the oil and whether they have met or passed the latest tests, or whether the formulation is For maximum engine performance, follow the motor oil type recommendation provided in your vehicle's owner's manual. Damage to the refineries was soon repaired and oil production actually increased[15], By October 1942, a new Ford Motor Company plant at Willow Run Michigan was assembling Liberators. Archetypal heavy bombers have therefore usually been among the largest and most powerful military aircraft at any point in time. Manufacturers advise to not exceed their time or distance-driven interval for a motor oil change. Although environmental pollution Three ED95 single-deck buses entered regular service in the city in March 2008. The viscosity of a liquid can be thought of as its "thickness" or a measure of its resistance to flow. Motor oil may be composed of only a lubricant base stock in the case of non-detergent oil, or a lubricant base stock plus additives to improve the oil's detergency, extreme pressure performance, and ability to inhibit corrosion of engine parts. Accordingly, motorcycle oils are subject to their own unique standards. Flower, Stephen. These are much more severe conditions than any API-specified oil was designed for: cars which typically push their oil temperature consistently above 100C (212F) are most turbocharged engines, along with most engines of European or Japanese origin, particularly small capacity, high power output. The ethanol-powered engine is also being certified as environmentally enhanced vehicle (EEV) in the Stockholm municipality. Our HDK06 filters come in two styles: In-line and tank mount. The HRK10 high flow filter combines the best features of its predecessor, the HEK11: ANSI inlet port options, top cover filter servicing for ease of maintenance, and a selection of service indicators. This fuel was developed by Swedish ethanol producer SEKAB. The fluid is optimized for the special requirements of a transmission, such as valve operation, brake band friction, and the torque converter, as well as gear lubrication. The agency cited problems with increasing the blend of ethanol above 10%. It is dangerous for the oil in a motor to ignite and burn, so a high flash point is desirable. Bitumen produced from the oil sands would be too heavy and too sour for a simple refinery. At Bielefeld more than 100 yards (91m) of railway viaduct was destroyed by Grand Slams creating an earthquake effect, which shook the foundations. Once started, the engine is then switched back to ethanol. [109][110] In Wyoming for example, E70 is sold as E85 from October to May. This culminated in August 1945, when B-29s of the United States Army Air Forces dropped atomic bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric & Fuel Cell Vehicles - Mehrdad Ehsani. Please reset and try a new selection. Motor oil changes are usually scheduled based on the time in service or the distance that the vehicle has traveled. Because particles accumulate in the oil, it is typically circulated through an oil filter to remove harmful particles. [132][135], E100 is pure ethanol fuel. In addition to the aforementioned basic constituents, almost all lubricating oils contain corrosion and oxidation inhibitors. Independent testing not only shows biosynthetic oils to be among the highest-rated products for protecting engines and machinery; they are also bio-based, biodegradable, non-toxic and do not bioaccumulate in marine organisms. [56][57] This is due to ethanol's hydrophilia and solvent power. [23], While engine oils are formulated to meet a specific API service category, they in fact conform closely enough to both the gasoline and diesel categories. The solution to both problems may lie in partial upgrading, where the quality of the bitumen is improved just enough to reduce or even eliminate diluent needs. On August 17, 1943, 230 Fortresses attacked a ball-bearing plant in Schweinfurt and again two months later, with 291 bombers, in the second raid on Schweinfurt. Motor oil may be composed of only a lubricant base stock in the case of mostly obsolete non-detergent oil, or a lubricant base stock plus additives to improve the oil's detergency, extreme pressure performance, and ability to inhibit corrosion of engine parts. WL16 in-tank filters meet the HF4 automotive standard. The plastic is melted and then pumped into a furnace. Our W041 high flow filter combines the best features of a base-mounted assembly; several inlet port options, top cover filter servicing for ease of maintenance and a wide selection of service indicators. Heavy bombers have, nevertheless, been used to deliver conventional weapons in several regional conflicts since World War II (for example, B-52s in the Vietnam War). Microsofts Activision Blizzard deal is key to the companys mobile gaming efforts. Husky Energys80,000 bbl/day Lloydminster Upgrader also processes a mix of bitumenand heavy conventional crude from the companys SAGD and heavy oil facilities in Saskatchewan and northeastern Alberta. Some reached no further than Folkestone or Sheerness on the Kent Coast. Sour Water Stripper: Hydrogen sulphide and ammonia are stripped from sour water streams and also sent to the Sulphur Recovery Unit. The product is still heavy and sour, but good enough to be transported via pipeline, freeing up much needed capacity. ", "SAE codifies new oil viscosity grade (SAE 16)", "Cummins CES 20086 list of API CK-4 oils", "Cummins CES 20087 list of API FA-4 oils", "Ford does not recommend API CK-4 or FA-4 oils in its diesel engines", ILSAC GF-4 STANDARD FOR PASSENGER CAR ENGINE OILS, Development of the Sequence IIIG Engine Oil Test, "GF-5 Brings Opportunities and Challenges", "Understanding JASO MA and MB: Specific Performance for the Right Applications", "Two-stroke motorcycle oils JASO M345 standard", "Motor Lubricant Oil Duration Rate Modeling", "To the Greatest Extent Possible": Do-it-yourselfers and the Recovery of Used Oil and Filters", "Oxidation and low temperature stability of vegetable oil-based lubricants", "FAQs Used Motor Oil Collection and Recycling American Petroleum Institute", "Article 4. [33][34] An oil that meets JASO-MA is considered appropriate for wet clutch operations. API solved problems with API CI-4 by creating a separate API CI-4 PLUS category that contains some additional requirements this marking is located in the lower portion of the API Service Symbol "Donut". [101] By mid-2010, 161 fueling stations were selling E20, and sales have risen 80% since April 2009. The standard divides fuels into residual and distillate fuels. In engines, there is some exposure of the oil to products of internal combustion, and microscopic coke particles from black soot accumulate in the oil during operation. Re-refining cleans the contaminants and used additives out of the dirty oil. Environmental legislation for leisure marine applications, especially in Europe, encouraged the use of ester-based two cycle oil.[9]. In the second half of the 20th century, heavy bombers were largely superseded by strategic bombers, which were often smaller in size, but had much longer ranges and were capable of delivering nuclear bombs. Diluent is removed in the atmospheric column, along with naphtha and light gas-oil (LGO). After the 1950s intercontinental ballistic missiles and ballistic missile submarines began to supersede heavy bombers in the strategic nuclear role. ", "Standard Reference Material 1828: Ethanol-Water Solutions", "Resoluo ANP N 36, Delaware 6.12.2005 - DOU 7.12.2005", "Reflections on Brazil's Ethanol Industry", "Frota brasileira de autoveculos leves (ciclo Otto)", "Here comes the 'Flex' vehicles third generation", "[Bosch] investe na segunda gerao do motor flex", "Nova tecnologia dispensa gasolina na partida de carros bicombustveis", "Volks lana sistema que elimina tanquinho de gasolina para partida a frio", "Saab BioPower 100 Concept E100 Ethanol Vehicle", "Geneva Preview: Koenigsegg CCX & CCXR Edition Models", "Manufacturer E10 (Ethanol) Fuel Recommendations", FAA to STC Holders: No Ethanol in Auto Fuel, Bioenergywiki: Renewable fuel targets at bioenergywiki. It was also argued that the rise in ethanol has contributed to the big jump in corn prices in recent years. These blends have been widely used in Brazil since the late 1970s. Product Blending: The different liquid fractions produced by the upgrader are then blended together to produce the desired crude oil product specification. After reducing waste as much as possible through recycling and sustainability, managing waste protects land quality. Throughout the war, bombers continually managed to strike their targets, but suffered unacceptable losses in the absence of careful planning and escort fighters. See JASO below. Ethanol fuel mixtures have "E" numbers which describe the percentage of ethanol fuel in the mixture by volume, for example, E85 is 85% anhydrous ethanol and 15% gasoline. [102] The rapid growth in E20 demand is because most vehicle models launched since 2009 were E20-compatible, and sales of E20 are expected to grow faster once more local automakers start producing small, E20-compatible, fuel-efficient cars. The first was that the bomber will always get through. The speed advantage of biplane fighters over bombers was insignificant, and it was believed that they would never catch them. [72][73] In June 2013 the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear an appeal from industry groups opposed to the EPA ruling about E15, and let the 2012 federal appeals court ruling stand. Allen D. Uhler, Stephen D. Emsbo-Mattingly, in Standard Handbook Oil Spill Environmental Forensics (Second Edition), 2016 13.2.2 Production of heavy fuel oils. Donaldson Synteq media is offered in a variety of designs. The most prolific example (in terms of total bomb tonnage) is the U.S. Air Force B-52 Stratofortress during the 1960searly 1970s Vietnam War era, in Operation Menu, Operation Freedom Deal, and Operation Linebacker II. Natural gas is colorless and odorless, so odorizers such as Depending on the extraction process used, the bitumen product can sometimes contains as much as 2% water and solids, which does not meet pipeline specifications for transportation over long distances. Advancements in four-engine aircraft design enabled heavy bombers to carry even larger payloads to targets thousands of kilometres away. In January 1941, the Short Stirling reached operational status and first combat missions were flown in February. The first heavy bomber was designed as an airliner. But rising light oil production out of US shale shifted the prospects for Alberta's bitumen. Hydrogen is produced by steam methane reforming, then recovered and purified through pressure swing adsorption, producing 99.9% pure hydrogen. He eventually abandoned the medical practice to devote his time to the development of an all-petroleum, high-viscosity lubricant for steam engines which at the time were using inefficient combinations of petroleum and animal and vegetable fats. Download Free PDF. [7], The Vickers Vimy, a long-range heavy bomber powered by two Rolls-Royce Eagle engines, was delivered to the newly formed Royal Air Force too late to see action (only one was in France at time of the Armistice with Germany). They serve in both strategic and tactical bombing roles. The use of synthetic lubricants widened through the 1950s and 1960s owing to a property at the other end of the temperature spectrum the ability to lubricate aviation engines at high temperatures that caused mineral-based lubricants to break down. Its been several days of heavy work and still not a drop has gotten past this stuff. However, they still fill up with particulate matter, although the matter better suspends within the oil,[citation needed] and the oil filter still fills and clogs up over time. Its single, center retention bolt simplifies servicing. TT15/30/60 Tank Top filters are designed for industrial service. [20], B-29s were initially deployed to bases in India and China, from which they could reach Japan; but the logistics (including transport of fuel for the B-29 fleet over the Himalayan range) of flying from these remote, primitive airfields were complicated and costly. [42] By far the greatest cause of motor-oil pollution in oceans comes from drains and urban street-runoff, much of it caused by improper disposal of engine oil. [113] Thereafter, and as a response to the 1973 and 1979 energy crises, the first modern vehicle capable of running with pure hydrous ethanol (E100) was launched in the Brazilian market, the Fiat 147,[146] after testing with several prototypes developed by the Brazilian subsidiaries of Fiat, Volkswagen, General Motors and Ford. Both feature a cast aluminum head and steel body for maximum strength and durability. )", "3,354 Total E85 Stations in the United States", "E85 fueling station availability is increasing", "Obama's fuel-efficiency push may lead fleets to use more gasoline", "Alternative Fueling Station Counts by State", "Scania Delivering 85 New Ethanol Buses for Stockholm Fleet", "Ethanol Usage in Urban Public Transportation - Presentation of Results", "So Paulo joins EU's BEST project with pure ethanol bus trial; over 400 in operation so far", "Comea a circular em So Paulo nibus movido a etanol", "Sao Paulo Puts Ethanol Bus into Service in BEST Project", "O bom exemplo da Sucia:600 nibus movidos com etanol para o transporte pblico de Estocolmo", "So Paulo ganha frota de nibus a etanol", "So Paulo ter primeira frota de nibus movida a etanol", "So Paulo putting 50 Scania ethanol buses into service", "Substituio de diesel por etanol: vantagem que novos nibus trazem cidade de So Paulo", "How to Beat the High Cost of Gasoline. E10 blends are typically rated as being 2 to 3 octane numbers higher than regular gasoline and are approved for use in all new U.S. automobiles, and mandated in some areas for emissions and other reasons. The Handley Page Type O/100 owed a lot to Sikorsky's ideas; of similar size, it used just two Rolls-Royce Eagle engines and could carry up to 2,000lb (910kg) of bombs. [46], Bio-based oils existed prior to the development of petroleum-based oils in the 19th century. This biosynthetic oil American Petroleum Institute (API) has the potential to greatly reduce environmental challenges associated with petroleum. For those upgraders that produce an asphaltene product, gasifiers can be used to produce hydrogen through partial oxidation of the asphaltenes. This item Permatex 80019 Aviation Form-A-Gasket there were no leaks. [citation needed] Throughout most of human history only fuels derived from plants or animal fat were used by humans.Charcoal, a wood derivative, has been used since at least 6,000 BCE for melting metals.It was only supplanted by coke, derived from coal, as When Britain and France declared war on Germany in September 1939, the RAF had no heavy bomber yet in service; heavy bomber designs had started in 1936 and ordered in 1938. Handley Page Bombers: 1992 Aston Publications Bourne End, Bucks, England: Bruce, J. M. Handley Page 0/100 and 0/400: Historic Military Aircraft No.4. About 35% of bitumen produced from the oil sands is upgraded into synthetic crude before being sold to market. A higher H:C ratio is indicative of a better quality crude. "[74], According to a survey conducted by the American Automobile Association (AAA) in 2012, only about 12 million out of the more than 240 million light-duty vehicles on the U.S. roads in 2012 are approved by manufacturers are fully compliant with E15 gasoline. [66], In June 2011 EPA, in cooperation with the Federal Trade Commission, issued its final ruling regarding the E15 warning label required to be displayed in all E15 fuel dispensers in the U.S. to inform consumers about what vehicles can, and what vehicles and equipment cannot, use the E15 blend. Motorcycle Four Cycle Gasoline Engine Oil (JASO T 903:2011) Application Manual. Each new API category has placed successively lower phosphorus and zinc limits, and thus has created a controversial issue of obsolescent oils needed for older engines, especially engines with sliding (flat/cleave) tappets. E10 or less. 's E15 Pump Labels Raise Ire of Automakers", "Attention! The ACEA (Association des Constructeurs Europens d'Automobiles) performance/quality classifications A3/A5 tests used in Europe are arguably more stringent than the API and ILSAC standards[citation needed]. [75] Volkswagen announced that for the 2014 model year, its entire lineup will be E15 capable. Breakdown of VIIs under shear is a concern in motorcycle applications, where the transmission may share lubricating oil with the motor. Although flowsheets can vary among the operators, upgrading heavy bitumen to a light synthetic crude involves 5 basic steps: 1. Engine oil which has been tested and meets the API standards may display the API Service Symbol (also known as the "Donut") with the service categories on containers sold to oil users. The Soviet-backed Northern forces easily routed the South Korean army. HMK04 (single) and HMK24 (double) Duramax spin-on filters feature a durable die-cast aluminum head, heavy-duty steel body, with die-cast aluminum top plate for added strength. EPA is also involved in cleaning up and restoring contaminated land, through brownfield and superfund programs. Both yield about 85%, since some of the bitumen is lost as coke product. "Sinc Car manufacturers and oil companies work together to agree performance specifications for engine oils. Igor Sikorsky, an engineer educated in St Petersburg, but born in Kiev of Polish-Russian ancestry designed the Sikorsky Ilya Muromets to fly between his birthplace and his new home. Heavy to Light Conversion: The lower-value heavy portion of the bitumen is converted into lighter hydrocarbons. The warming system, called Flex Start, was developed by Robert Bosch GmbH. Optional secondary inlet port allows for a second return line. [108][112] Some regions in the United States now allow E51 (51% ethanol, 49% gasoline) to be sold as E85 in the winter months. Approves Use of More Ethanol in Gasoline", "E.P.A. [89] As a response to the 1973 oil crisis, the Brazilian government made mandatory the blend of ethanol fuel with gasoline, fluctuating between 10% to 22% from 1976 until 1992.

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