{5.2.2.3, Box 5.1}, Globally, the oxygen loss due to warming is reinforced by other processes associated with ocean physics and biogeochemistry, which cause the majority of the observed oxygen decline (, ). Projected changes in waves arising from changes in weather patterns, and changes in tides due to sea level rise, can locally enhance or ameliorate coastal hazards (medium confidence). Planetary boundaries is a concept highlighting human-caused perturbations of Earth systems making them relevant in a way not accommodated by the environmental boundaries separating the three ages within the Holocene epoch. Download Mangroves notes PDF for UPSC 2022. See Lerner et al. Physical properties reflect patterns of flowthe volume, speed, and direction of ground water flow in a given location. Economic challenges to hard protection increase with higher sea levels and will make adaptation unaffordable before technical limits are reached (high confidence). The extent and nature of their impact will depend in part on the biodiversity footprint of the business/sector receiving the support (which can differ from one country to the next), the volume of the stimulus and the design of the measure. First emerging in Uganda in 1937, West Nile virus is now common in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, North America and West Africa. Evolution of the AIS beyond the end of the 21st century is characterized by deep uncertainty as ice sheet models lack realistic representations of some of the underlying physical processes. Similarly, green roofs or walls are Nature-based solutions that can be implemented in cities to moderate the impact of high temperatures, capture storm water, abate pollution, and act as carbon sinks, while simultaneously enhancing biodiversity. [97] CBD,C. (2018), Decision 14/4 Health and Biodiversity, Convention on Biological Diversity. Mangroves are halophytes, found in tropical evergreen forests. The intensity of marine heatwaves is projected to increase about 10-fold under RCP8.5 by 20812100, relative to 18501900 (medium confidence). While reductions in labour taxes to support struggling businesses and maintain jobs during this crisis may be sound policy, reducing biodiversity-relevant taxes is not. {1.1, 1.4}, Ocean and cryosphere changes and risks by the end-of-century (2081-2100) will be larger under high greenhouse gas emission scenarios, compared with low emission scenarios (very high confidence). Targets should be linked to indicators in order to track progress and enhance the effectiveness of policy interventions. Exposure of people and infrastructure to natural hazards has increased due to growing population, tourism and socioeconomic development (high confidence). Birds are the natural reservoir of the West Nile virus, and mosquitos the vector that carries the pathogen to humans. The term "Nature-Based Solutions" was put forward by practitioners in the late 2000s, Arlington, VA: International League of Conservation Photographers. LLIC host around 11% of the global population, generate about 14% of the global Gross Domestic Product and comprise many world cultural heritage sites. ", "Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda", https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077, http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf, "Opportunities and Advances to Mainstream Nature-Based Solutions in Disaster Risk Management and Climate Strategy", "Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation", "Mapping the effectiveness of naturebased solutions for climate change adaptation", "Leveraging Nature-based Solutions for transformation: Reconnecting people and nature", "Assessing nature-based solutions for transformative change", https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/services/environment-and-planning/planning/heritage-and-design/Documents/Green-roof-case-studies-28Nov11.pdf, "The Calcutta Wetlands: turning bad water into good", "The ecologically subsidised city: on Kolkata's wetland communities", "A review of public acceptance of nature-based solutions: The 'why', 'when', and 'how' of success for disaster risk reduction measures", "Core principles for successfully implementing and upscaling Nature-based Solutions", "Planning and Suitability Assessment of Large-scale Nature-based Solutions for Flood-risk Reduction", "Effectiveness of Nature-Based Solutions on Pluvial Flood Hazard Mitigation: The Case Study of the City of Eindhoven (The Netherlands)", "ThinkNature | Platform for Nature-Based Solutions", "Nature-Based Solutions, Tallinn, 2426 October 2017", "Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) | UNFCCC", "Ecosystem-based adaptation: a winwin formula for sustainability in a warming world? {5.5.2}, Climate models project significant changes in the ocean state over the coming century. Northwest Science. The reduction in food supply to the deep sea is projected to lead to a 56% reduction in biomass of benthic biota over more than 97% of the abyssal seafloor by 2100 (medium confidence). [64] Article 5.2 encourages Parties to adopt conservation and management as a tool for increasing carbon stocks and Article 7.1 encourages Parties to build the resilience of socioeconomic and ecological systems through economic diversification and sustainable management of natural resources. Oppla Nature-based Solutions Case Studies, City of London Corporation (2016) City of London Green Roof Case Studies, Learn how and when to remove this template message, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Green infrastructure for stormwater management, "Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission", "Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe", "Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands a review", "A framework for assessing and implementing the co-benefits of nature-based solutions in urban areas", "Building urban resilience with nature-based solutions: How can urban planning contribute? These include too much water (flood), too little water (drought and water scarcity) or poor quality water. Despite these dependencies, economic activities continue to have a significant negative impact on biodiversity. A lock (LockA locked padlock) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. A survey of nearly 8000 rural households in 24 countries across Africa, Latin America and Asia found that 39% of households harvested wild meat and almost all households consumed it (Nielsen etal., 2018[40]). ecotourism, certified sustainable products), increased market share, and new businesses (e.g. {6.4, Figures 6.3, 6.4}, Both palaeoclimate and modern observations suggest that the strongest El Nio and La Nia events since the pre-industrialhave occurred during the last fifty years (medium confidence). AHY>mk. Introduction. Mangroves in India are 3 percent of its total geographical area. Chapter 1 provides context on the importance of the ocean and cryosphere, and the framework for the assessments in subsequent chapters of the report. On Arctic land, projections indicate a loss of globally unique biodiversity as some high Arctic species will be outcompeted by more temperate species and very limited refugia exist (, Woody shrubs and trees are projected to expand, covering 24, 52% of the current tundra region by 2050. [105] OECD (2020), OECD submission on the draft monitoring framework for the post-2020 global biodiversity framework, OECD Publising, https://www.cbd.int/api/v2013/documents/F0BC20EB-7B9C-BE32-1AD8-A4268D6FB6F6/attachments/OECD.pdf. Yet only one-eighth of total agriculture support16 goes to agricultural innovation systems, inspection and control systems, and rural infrastructure (OECD, 2020[85]). How ecological engineering can serve in coastal protection. [38] Scheffers,B. etal. This may be due to the presence of alternative, less competent host species, which provide a dilutive effect mosquitos have a higher probability of feeding on a less competent host of the pathogen. Some countries have already applied climate conditionality to their stimulus measures. (2006), Rarity Value and Species Extinction: The Anthropogenic Allee Effect, PLoS Biology, Vol.4/12, p.e415, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040415. {4.2.2.1.1, 4.2.2.2}, GMSL was considerably higher than today during past climate states that were warmer than pre-industrial, including the Last Interglacial (LIG; 129116 ka), when global mean surface temperature was 0.5C1.0C warmer, and the mid-Pliocene Warm Period (mPWP; ~3.3 to 3.0 million years ago), 2C4C warmer. Agricultural support potentially most harmful to biodiversity14 was on average USD112billion per year for the period 2017-2019, in OECD countries alone (OECD, 2020[84]). {3.2.1.1; Box 3.2}, It is very likely that Antarctic sea ice cover exhibits no significant trend over the period of satellite observations (19792018). Importance. In several regions, worsening route safety has reduced mountaineering opportunities (medium confidence). To effectively screen, monitor and evaluate stimulus measures, countries could also draw on green budgeting initiatives and the EU Sustainable Taxonomy. An economic activity is eligible if it substantially contributes to at least one of the six environmental objectives10 while doing no significant harm to any of the other objectives. Crossing a planetary boundary comes at the risk of abrupt environmental change. The typology highlights that NBS can involve very different actions on ecosystems (from protection, to management, or even the creation of new ecosystems) and is based on the assumption that the higher the number of services and stakeholder groups targeted, the lower the capacity to maximize the delivery of each service and simultaneously fulfil the specific needs of all stakeholder groups. Smart policies can help drive the transformative changes needed to protect and restore biodiversity, thereby ensuring longer-term resilience, human health and well-being. [30] Epstein,J. etal. Published: biodiversity loss and degradation of land and freshwater 10,11,12. White-footed mice feed and infect large numbers of ticks, whereas most other hosts feed but do not infect ticks. Glimpse the lives behind the magic of Europes family circuses. In Australia, the emergence and subsequent outbreaks of Hendra virus, which is of the same genus as Nipah virus, have also been linked to land-use changes that reduce feeding and roosting sites for fruit bats. Ultimately, these can lead to the loss of part of peoples cultural identity and values beyond the rate at which identify and values can be adjusted or substituted (, Such risks are particularly large for top predators and for human communities that have high consumption on these organisms, including coastal Indigenous communities (, These fishery governance related risks are widespread under high emissions scenarios with regional hotspots (, ), and highlight the limits of existing natural resource management frameworks for addressing ecosystem change (, Some 151 countries around the world contain at least one of these coastal blue carbon ecosystems and 71 countries contain all three. [63] This conference aimed to strengthen synergies among various recent initiatives and programs related to NBS launched by the European Commission and by the EU Member States, focusing on policy and governance of NBS, research, and innovation. Nature-based Solutions. decrease by 1040% for 20312050, regardless of Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) and for 20812100, by 1040 % for RCP2.6 and by 5090% for RCP8.5. The upper 200 m stratification increase is in the very likely range of between 2.182.42% from 1970 to 2017. {6.7}, The ratio between risk reduction investment and reduction of damages of extreme events varies. It protects the mauri of the wai. Increasing trends in ocean acidification in the California Current EBUS and deoxygenation in California Current and Humboldt Current EBUS are observed in the last few decades (, to distinguish anthropogenic forcing from internal climate variability. California Ecosystem Surveys Give Insight on Ocean Changes to Come. Even with well-designed hard protection, the risk of possibly disastrous consequences in the event of failure of defences remains. Compared to 19862005, low elevation snow depth will likely decrease by 1040% for 20312050, regardless of Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) and for 20812100, likely by 1040 % for RCP2.6 and by 5090% for RCP8.5. The Pacific EBUS are projected to have calcium carbonate undersaturation in surface waters within a few decades under RCP8.5 (high confidence); combined with warming and decreasing oxygen levels, this will increase the impacts on shellfish larvae, benthic invertebrates and demersal fishes (high confidence) and related fisheries and aquaculture (medium confidence). A lake ecosystem or lacustrine ecosystem includes biotic (living) plants, animals and micro-organisms, as well as abiotic (non-living) physical and chemical interactions. In some regions, snow avalanches involving wet snow have increased (medium confidence), and rain-on-snow floods have decreased at low elevations in spring and increased at high elevations in winter (medium confidence). [11] These solutions stress the sustainable use of nature in solving coupled environmental-social-economic challenges. The loosening of environmental regulation temporarily or permanently may be politically expedient, but it is very likely to exacerbate biodiversity loss and therefore be costly in the long-term. Use of green grey infrastructure used in 30 Chinese cities as a way to manage pluvial flooding and climate change risk after rapid urbanization. Under the high emissions scenario (Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP)8.5) the impacts by 2090 are substantially larger and more widespread than for the low emissions scenario (RCP2.6) throughout the surface and deep ocean, including: warming (virtually certain); ocean acidification (virtually certain); decreased stability of mineral forms of calcite (virtually certain); oxygen loss (very likely); reduced near-surface nutrients (likely as not); decreased net primary productivity (high confidence); reduced fish production (likely) and loss of key ecosystems services (medium confidence) that are important for human well-being and sustainable development. {1.1, 1.4, 1.8.1}, Evidence and understanding of the human causes of climate warming, and of associated ocean and cryosphere changes, has increased over the past 30 years of IPCC assessments (very high confidence). For a given evidence and agreement statement, different confidence levels can be assigned, but increasing levels of evidence and degrees of agreement are correlated with increasing confidence (see Section 1.9.2 and Figure 1.4 for more details). (2020), Zoonotic host diversity increases in human-dominated ecosystems, Nature, pp.1-5, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2562-8. Rapid mass loss due to glacier flow acceleration in the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE) of West Antarctica and in Wilkes Land, East Antarctica, may indicate the beginning of Marine Ice Sheet Instability (MISI), but observational data are not yet sufficient to determine whether these changes mark the beginning of irreversible retreat. ", "Seven lessons for planning nature-based solutions in cities", "Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges", World Water Development Report 2018: Nature-based Solutions for Water, "Political and financial support for new efforts to scale up use of nature-based solutions to be announced at Climate Action Summit", https://www.bfn.de/fileadmin/MDB/documents/service/Skript264.pdf, https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191, "Addressing Challenges of Urban Water Management in Chinese Sponge Cities via Nature-Based Solutions", "How can we plan resilient systems of nature-based mitigation measures in larger catchments for flood risk reduction now and in the future? Where sufficient space is available, EbA can both reduce coastal risks and provide multiple other benefits (medium confidence). Costs and Limits for Coastal Climate Change Adaptation, Climate Change influences on Abrupt Changes, Irreversibility, Tipping Points and Extreme Events, Recent Anomalous Extreme Climate Events and their Causes, Changes in Tracks, Intensity, and Frequency of Tropical and Extratropical Cyclones and Associated Sea Surface Dynamics, Changes in Storms and Associated Sea Surface Dynamics, Observations and Key Processes, Detection and Attribution, Projections, Recent Documented MHWs and Key Driving Mechanisms, Impacts on Natural, Physical and Human Systems, Impacts on Marine Organisms and Ecosystems, Risk Management and Adaptation, Monitoring and Early Warning Systems, Extreme ENSO Events and Other Modes of Interannual Climate Variability, Key Processes and Feedbacks, Observations, Detection and Attribution, Projections, Indian Ocean Basin-wide Warming and Changes in Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) Events, Risks of Abrupt Change in Ocean Circulation and Potential Consequences, Observational and Model Understanding of Atlantic Ocean Circulation Changes, Role of GIS Melting and their Freshwater Release Sources, Impacts on Climate, Natural and Human Systems, Risk Management and Adaptation, Sustainable and Resilient Pathways, Governance and Policy Options, Risk Management, Including Disaster Risk Reduction and Enhancing Resilience, Decision Making for Abrupt Change and Extreme Events, Transformative Governance and Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation, Observed and Projected Impacts on Geographies and Major Sectors, Responses: Adaptation Strategies in Practice. Blood-feeding ticks transmit the pathogen that causes Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi among host species, including humans. {1.8.1, 1.2, 5.2.2}, It is likely that the rate of ocean warming has increased since 1993. Hard coastal protection measures (dikes, embankments, sea walls and surge barriers) are widespread, providing predictable levels of safety in northwest Europe, East Asia, and around many coastal cities and deltas. With this in mind, government and business leaders across the globe have called for a green and inclusive recovery to COVID-19. History. There have been two occurrences of extreme La Nia (19881989, 19981999). [6] They also provide nursery zones for marine life that can be the basis for sustaining fisheries on which local populations may depend. Diverse adaptations of ocean related governance are being tried, and some are producing promising results. {5.2.4, Box 5.2}, Anthropogenic changes in EBUS will emerge primarily in the second half of the 21st century (medium confidence). [8] UNEP and ILRI (2020), Preventing the Next Pandemic: Zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission. Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin: tectonicus, from the Ancient Greek: , lit. It infects humans through skin contact with the free-swimming larval stage of trematodes (blood flukes). Effective protection requires investments on the order of tens to several hundreds of billions of USD yr-1 globally (high confidence). The condition of ground water reflects a combination of physical, biological, and chemical attributes, which are influenced by both natural sources and human activities. Evidence is growing that the ocean carbon sink is dynamic on decadal timescales, especially in the Southern Ocean, which has affected the total global ocean carbon sink (, . Exponential growth in the industrial sector causes the accumulation of toxic wastewater in the ecosystem. {6.8, Box 6.1}, Projections of Ocean and Cryosphere Change and Hazards to Ecosystems and Human Society Under Low and High Emission Futures, The average intensity of tropical cyclones, the proportion of Category 4 and 5 tropical cyclones and the associated average precipitation rates are projected to increase for a 2C global temperature rise above any baseline period (medium confidence). [77] Waysand,C. etal. Use natural processes to enhance water availability (e.g.. Reduce risks associated with waterrelated disasters and climate change (e.g., "How much engineering of biodiversity and ecosystems is involved in NBS", and. (2015), Targeting Transmission Pathways for Emerging Zoonotic Disease Surveillance and Control, Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases, Vol.15/7, http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2013.1563. Borsje, B.W. While a slower rate of SLR enables greater opportunities for adapting, adaptation benefits are also expected to vary between coastal settings. The area and quality of natural forests, wetlands and other ecosystems are declining rapidly. Warming has increased the frequency of large-scale coral bleaching events, causing worldwide reef degradation since 19971998 with cases of shifts to algal-dominated reefs (, ). Carbon emissions from human activities are causing ocean warming, acidification and oxygen loss with some evidence of changes in nutrient cycling and primary production. Despite some good practice examples, many countries have weakened environmental regulations or introduced stimulus measures that threaten to drive further biodiversity loss. The saliva and excrement of bats transmitted the Nipah virus to pigs, which acted as an amplifier host for human infection. Increasing trends in ocean acidification in the California Current EBUS and deoxygenation in California Current and Humboldt Current EBUS are observed in the last few decades (high confidence), although there islow confidenceto distinguish anthropogenic forcing from internal climate variability. Meanwhile, an estimated 24% of the worlds more than 31500 terrestrial bird, mammal, amphibian, and squamate (scaled) reptile species are traded globally (legally or illegally) (Scheffers etal., 2019[38]). Protected areas and land use Commission on Ecosystem Management (CEM) Commission on Education and Communication (CEC) Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy (CEESP) Snow and lake ice cover has declined, with June snow extent decreasing 13.4 5.4% per decade (19672018) (high confidence). This is a somewhat broader framing of the concept, placing economy and social assets at the heart of NBS on a par with the importance of sustaining environmental conditions. {5.3.2, 5.3.3, 5.4.1, 5.5.1}, Three out of the four major Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS) have shown large-scale wind intensification in the past 60 years (high confidence). The framework is based on scientific evidence that human Species diversity is a major determinant of ecosystem productivity, stability, invasibility, and nutrient dynamics. Depending on the effectiveness of 21st century mitigation and adaptation pathways under all emission scenarios, most of the low-lying regions around the world may face adaptation limits beyond 2100, due to the long-term commitment of sea level rise (medium confidence). Ocean and coasts. Financial markets must be transparent, and correctly value and account for biodiversity-related impacts and risks. [46] One study found that NBS can drive profound and substantial changes towards sustainability in local social-ecological systems through a combination of nature's values, knowledge, community engagement, and nature protection and sustainable management. [24] Olson,S. etal. Northwest Science. Chinese National Government; Sponge Cities Program, Climate change, disaster risk, food management. Methane will contribute a small proportion of these additional carbon emissions, on the order of 0.01, 70% of the total permafrost-affected radiative forcing because of its higher warming potential. Greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation envisioned in low-emission scenarios (e.g., RCP2.6) is expected to sharply reduce but not eliminate risk to low-lying coasts and islands from SLR and ESL events. With increased government spending putting further pressure on already strained budgets, it is now as vital as ever that public expenditure is well targeted and efficient. This Policy Brief focuses on the vital role of biodiversity for human life and the importance of integrating biodiversity considerations into the recovery from the COVID-19 crisis. This type of NBS is connected to, for example, the concept of biosphere reserves which incorporate core protected areas for nature conservation and buffer zones and transition areas where people live and work in a sustainable way. Over the past decades, studies focusing on biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships (BEF) have gained much attention due to the unprecedented loss of biodiversity caused by human activities (Cardinale et al., 2012; Duffy et al., 2016, 2017).Freshwater ecosystems are among the most important on Earth (Dudgeon et al., 2006), occupying <1% of [78] Martini,M. (2020), TEG it easy: The landmark EU Sustainable Taxonomy takes shape, https://oecd-environment-focus.blog/2020/05/05/teg-it-easy-the-landmark-eu-sustainable-taxonomy-takes-shape/. {3.2.2; 3.3.2; 3.4.2, Cross-Chapter Box 6 in Chapter 2}, Both polar oceans will be increasingly affected by CO2 uptake, causing conditions corrosive for calcium carbonate shell-producing organisms (high confidence), with associated impacts on marine organisms and ecosystems (medium confidence). There is medium evidence but with low agreement whether the level and timing of increased plant growth and replenishment of soil will compensate these permafrost carbon losses. The Biodiversity chapter presents a picture of the importance and health of Australias plants, animals, threatened species and ecosystems. The largest mangrove forest in the world is Sundarban Mangrove Forest. This is projected to release 10s to 100s of billions of tons (Gt C), up to as much as 240 Gt C, of permafrost carbon as carbon dioxide and methane to the atmosphere with the potential to accelerate climate change. New York Declaration on Forests Five-Year Assessment Report. It protects the mauri of the wai. This almost 100-year-old system treats 750 million litres of wastewater per day, providing livelihoods for 100,000 people in the vicinity. {5.2.2.4}, In response to ocean warming and increased stratification, open ocean nutrient cycles are being perturbed and there is high confidence that this is having a regionally variable impact on primary producers. {1.1, 1.2, 1.5}, Sustainable development is at risk from emerging and intensifying ocean and cryosphere changes. Declining runoff is expected to reduce the productivity of irrigated agriculture in some regions (medium confidence). While the unravelling economic crisis may provide an impetus to improve the efficiency of cumbersome permitting and reporting processes, it is vital that any changes made do not weaken (de jure or de facto) their environmental stringency. The World Economic Forum is an independent international organization committed to improving the state of the world by engaging business, political, academic and other leaders of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas. The permanence of these mitigation benefits will, however, depend on the effectiveness of broader efforts to mitigate climate change and manage the increasing risk of wildfires resulting from climate change. This could be achieved by lender countries offering lower interest rates and principal repayments in return for increasing biodiversity protection (Zadek, 2020[102]). Businesses and the finance sector have a critical role in delivering a recovery that is sustainable and green. 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