Balochistan marked the westernmost extent of civilisation. It has 5.3 million consumers.[4]. [37] When the armies of Alexander crossed Indus in its eastward migration, probably in Udabhandapura, he was greeted by the-then ruler of Taxila, Omphis. [74] In the district Lasbela, there is an oil refinery owned by Byco International Incorporated (BII), which is capable of processing 120,000 barrels of oil per day. Hafiz Saeed, chief of Jama'at-ud-Da'wah (JuD) has questioned Pakistan's decision to adopt Urdu as its national language in a country where majority of people speak Punjabi language, citing his interpretation of Islamic doctrine as encouraging education in the mother-tongue. The victorious armies then razed, depopulated and destroyed the city over several months. While in the case of RLNG (Re-gasified Liquified Natural gas), we import gas from foreign countries in the form of liquid in a closed container. The travels of explorer Muhammad Ibn-Abdullah Ibn-Batuta were eased because of this system. They based their laws on the Quran and the sharia and permitted non-Muslim subjects to practice their own religions if they paid the jizya (poll tax). Punjab's landscape consists mostly consists of fertile alluvial plains of the Indus River and its four major tributaries in Pakistan, the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers which traverse Punjab north to south the fifth of the "five waters" of Punjab, the Beas River, lies exclusively in the Indian state of Punjab. Other languages include Sindhi (4.6%), Saraiki (2.7%), Punjabi (1.1%), and Urdu (0.81%). His early campaigns in the Indian Subcontinent were against the Qarmatians of Multan. pp. The capital city Quetta is located in a densely populated portion of the Sulaiman Mountains in the northeast of the province. Earlier Muslim conquests include the invasions into what is now modern-day Pakistan and the Umayyad campaigns in India in eighth century and resistance of Rajputs to them. The capital and largest city is Lahore which was the capital of the wider Punjab region since 17th century. 1, pp. [60] From Debal, the Arabs moved towards north along the Indus, clearing the region up to Budha. 119.96 billion (US$530 million) (2021) 128129, Fredunbeg, Mirza Kalichbeg, "The Chachnama: An Ancient History of Sind", pp69, Fredunbeg, Mirza Kalichbeg, "The Chachnama: An Ancient History of Sind", pp176, Wink, Andre, "Al-Hind The Making of the Indo-Islamic Worlds Vol 1", p. 208, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWink2002 (. (2.5%) of the population. [146], Numerous temples were destroyed by Muslim conquerors. [39] Despite the apparently one-sided results, Alexander was impressed by Porus and chose to not depose him. [168] Historian John T Hitchcock and John Whelpton contends that the regular invasions by Muslims led to heavy influx of Rajputs with Brahmins from the 12th century. The population constituted 6.85% of Pakistan's total population. [2][48][49] Official estimates of Balochistan's population grew from approximately 7.45 million in 2003 to 7.8 million in 2005. Insightful news, sharp views, newsletters, e-paper, and more! Sunthankar, produced some of the best warriors in Maharashtrian History.. Arab conquests now bordered the Kingdoms of Kapisa, Zabul and Sindh in modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan. Al-Baladuri wrote that "In the year 664 AD, and in the days of the Mu'awiya I, Muhallib son of Abu Safra made war upon the same frontier, and advanced as far as Banna (Bannnu) and Al-Ahwar (Lahore) which lie between Multan and Kabul.[31][32], After 663-665 AD, the Arabs launched an invasion against Kapisa, Zabul and what is now Pakistani Balochistan. [246], Historian Richard Eaton has tabulated a campaign of destruction of idols and temples by Delhi Sultans, intermixed with instances of years where the temples were protected from desecration. [118] In the short time of just over a quarter of a century, he forged one of the largest Muslim empires of the 18th century. [93][94], Timur himself recorded the invasions in his memoirs, which were collectively known as Tuzk-i-Timuri. [55] A contemporary writer Yahya Sirhindi mentions in his Takhrikh-i-Mubarak Shahi that Khizr Khan was a descendant of prophet Muhammad. To the south lies the Arabian Sea. He further extended his reign to Khurasan and Sistan in 697 AD. [90] Certain kingdoms remained independent of Delhi such as the larger kingdoms of Punjab, Rajasthan, parts of the Deccan, Gujarat, Malwa (central India), and Bengal. Then the army met up with the reinforcements and catapults sent by sea near Debal and took Debal through assault. Other crops include rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as kinoo. [267] The present temple was reconstructed in Chaulukya style of Hindu temple architecture and completed in May 1951.[268][269]. [31] Jinnah and his successors allowed Yar Khan to retain his title until the province's dissolution in 1955. The Madurai Sultanate's army, states Shokoohy, "often exercised fierce and brutal repressive methods on the local people". His artillery of five catapults were sent to Debal by sea[60] ("manjaniks"). Realizing the increasingly diverse needs of its customers for advisory and structured finance transactions, a specialized department focusing on Investment Banking services has been established at Meezan Bank that is equipped to provide comprehensive and innovative financial solutions through a diverse product offering to its clients. The modern-day Pakistani province has its roots in the Punjab Province of British India, which was divided along religious boundaries by the Radcliffe Line during the partition of India in 1947. The number of textile units is 14,820. [49][50] Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath led 20,000 troops each from Kufa and Basra[51] in a successful campaign in 700 AD, but when he wanted to stop during winter, Al-Hajjaj's insulting rebuke[52] led to mutiny. In the southern half of Punjab, the majority language is Saraiki, while in the north there are speakers of Hindko and Pothwari. Menander I Soter conquered Punjab and made Sagala (present-day Sialkot) the capital of the Indo-Greek Kingdom. Early life. [37] Thus began the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC; the exact site remains unknown. Peter Hardy takes a roughly similar stance and lenses the work as a work of "political theory". The empire continued its slow decline, but the original capital was not reoccupied or rebuilt. In this shrine, the inner columns are irregular and vary in form showing evidence of "reused material". [208], The 11th and 12th centuries additionally witnessed the rise of irregulars and then Banjara-like groups who adopted Islam. Though the name Punjab is of Persian origin, its two parts (, panj, 'five' and , b, 'water') are cognates of the Sanskrit words, , paca, 'five' and , p, 'water', of the same meaning. Topics Are we to live or perish forever? Sikandar Hayat Khan [248][149][151] He also noted there were also many instances of Delhi sultans, who often had Hindu ministers, ordering the protection, maintenance and repairing of temples, according to both Muslim and Hindu sources. Biraben, Jean-Nol (2003). [1][3], Expanding further, in the year 2002, FFC acquired ex Pak Saudi Fertilizers Limited (PSFL) Urea Plant situated at Mirpur Mathelo, District Ghotki from National Fertilizer Corporation (NFC) through a privatisation process of the Government of Pakistan. Punjab is Pakistan's second largest province by area after Balochistan with an area of 205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles). It is also dominant in the manufacturing sector, though the dominance is not as huge, with historical contributions ranging from a low of 44% to a high of 52.6%. But large groups of Timur's soldiers began to enter the city and, like birds of prey, attacked its citizens. [214] They were emphatically not "sultan of the Hindus". "Rally for Ending the 150-year-old Ban on Education in Punjabi", harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHalbfass1991 (, A PricewaterhouseCoopers study released in 2009, surveying the 2008 GDP of the top cities in the world, calculated Faisalabad's GDP (PPP) at $35billion. At the time of partition in 1947, the province was split into East and West Punjab. According to Richard M. Eaton, Khizr Khan was son of a Punjabi chieftain. The legacy of the Muslim conquest of South Asia is a hotly debated issue and argued even today. It was destroyed by Delhi Sultanate's army in 1299 AD. The high population growth in the past few decades has ensured that a very large number of young people are now entering the labor market. [200] However, states Wink, this killing was not systematic and "was normally confined to the fighting men" though the wars and episodes of routine violence did precipitate a great famine with civilian casualties in tens of thousands. The evidence that is available suggests that the victorious Hindu kings undertook significant effort to house the expropriated images in new, grand temples within their kingdom. Muslim rule saw a greater urbanisation of India and the rise of many cities and their urban cultures. Insurgencies by Baloch nationalists took place in 1948, 195859, 196263 and 197377, with a new ongoing insurgency by autonomy-seeking Baloch groups since 2003. 'five rivers'). [16] The expeditions may have been sent to attack pirates to safeguard Arabian trade in the Arabian Sea, and not to start the conquest of India. [77], Most Punjabis supported the British during World War I, providing men and resources to the war effort even though the Punjab remained a source of anti colonial activities. He built large networks of roads and constructed Grand Trunk Road (15401544), which connects Chittagong to Kabul; parts of it are still in use today. The maximum diameter used in transmission Pipelines is round about 42 inches. The incident is supported by both the Rajput and Nepalese traditions. "Mind your languageThe movement for the preservation of Punjabi". The term "Turk" was commonly used to refer to their higher social status. Balochistan is rich in exhaustible and renewable resources; it is the second major supplier of natural gas in Pakistan. [50] The 2017 Census enumerated a population of 12,344,408. With its contribution ranging from 52.1% to 64.5% in the Service Sector and 56.1% to 61.5% in the agriculture sector. Balochistan, Pakistan Sparse deserts can be found in southern Punjab near the border with Rajasthan and near the Sulaiman Range. He appealed to the present officials of the Evacuee Trust Property Board (ETPB), Pakistan to pay special attention to the problem faced by the pilgrims at the time of getting visas. [3], The company has also won numerous "Best presented accounts awards" from different national and international organizations including Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan, ICMAP, SAFA. Its geographical location has placed the otherwise desolate region in the scope of competing for global interests for all of recorded history. The ancient Greeks referred to the region as Pentapotama (Greek: ),[32][33][34] which has the same meaning as the Persian word. [203][note 5] Phyllis Granoff notes that "medieval Indian religious groups faced a serious crisis as invading Muslim armies sacked temples and defaced sacred image". [243] Sources document brutal episodes of persecution. [236] According to Richard Eaton these orders appear to have been directed not toward Hindu temples in general, but towards a more narrowly defined "deviant group". [citation needed] Outside developments also played a role in shaping events. Muhammad's successors established the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, while the Mamluk Dynasty in 1211 (however, the Delhi Sultanate is traditionally held to have been founded in 1206) seized the reins of the empire. The record highest temperature, 53C (127F), was recorded in Sibi on 26 May 2010,[40] exceeding the previous record, 52C (126F). Islam emerged as the major power in southern Punjab after the Umayyad caliphate conquered the region in 711 AD. [37] Omphis had hoped to force both Porus and Abisares into submission leveraging the might of Alexander's forces and diplomatic missions were mounted, but while Abisares accepted the submission, Porus refused. Manage of Publications, "Tourism Development Corporation of Punjab Official Website", "Ministry of Tourism: Punjab Attractions", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_Pakistan&oldid=1119819498, States and territories established in 1970, Punjabi-speaking countries and territories, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2022, Wikipedia articles needing cleanup after translation from August 2022, Articles with dead external links from July 2018, Articles with dead external links from December 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from December 2021, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Pages using infobox settlement with unknown parameters, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2022, Articles needing additional references from June 2021, All articles needing additional references, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. The major native language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi, representing the largest language spoken in the country. [175] According to Deepa Ollapally, the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb was clearly discriminatory towards Hindu and all other non-Muslims, displaying an "unprecedented level of religious bigotry", but perhaps this was a consequence of the opposition he faced from a number of his family members. The permissible limit of UfG is seven percent[5], , Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation, "Sui Northern Gas Pipelines: CORPORATE PROFILE", Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited: Looking up, "UfG of SNGPL and SSGC growing alarmingly", Official Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited website, Sui Northern Gas Pipeline Detailed Company Financials, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sui_Northern_Gas_Pipelines_Limited&oldid=1113170685, Non-renewable resource companies established in 1963, Companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange, All Wikipedia articles written in Pakistani English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Azad Kashmir & Islamabad, Amer Tufail (Deputy Managing Director Services), This page was last edited on 30 September 2022, at 04:19. Timur left Delhi in approximately January 1399. The Afghan trespasser, Mahmud Shah Abdali, later took the gates to Lahore, from where Shrinath Madhavji Shinde today popularly known as The Great Maratha Mahadji Scindia reacquired them. The Mughal Emperor Akbar shoots the Rajput warrior Jaimal during the Siege of Chittorgarh in 1567. Page 389. [144] The province has a number of large cosmopolitan cities, including the provincial capital Lahore. During the time of Delhi Sultanate, the Vijayanagara Empire resisted attempts of Delhi Sultanate to establish dominion in the Southern India, serving as a barrier against invasion by the Muslims. [183] According to Wink, Hindu destruction of Buddhist and Jain places of worship took place before the 10th century, but the evidence for such 'Hindu iconoclasm' is incidental, too vague, and unconvincing. Punjab also contains part of the Thal and Cholistan deserts. It is bound to the Arabian Sea in the south in which lies the world's largest deep sea port, The Port of Gwadar. (Only the headline and picture of this report may have been reworked by the Business Standard staff; the rest of the content is auto-generated from a syndicated feed.). And there the antagonism between them and all foreigners receives more and more nourishment both from political and religious sources. It permanently influenced the development of all areas of human endeavour language, dress, cuisine, all the art forms, architecture and urban design, and social customs and values. He ruled from 1389 to 1413 and is remembered for his strenuous efforts to convert the Hindus of Kashmir to Islam. Unlock incisive commentary only on Business Standard. In the 15th century, Mir Chakar Khan Rind became the first Sirdar of Afghani, Irani and Pakistani Balochistan. The incidence of poverty differs between the different regions of Punjab. The 34-year-old world number 93 reeled off four birdies in her final five holes to shoot an eight-under-par 64 at The Saticoy Club in Somis, west of Los Angeles. [68], During Mughal period Punjab region was divided into two provinces; Multan province and Lahore province. Mountstuart Elphinstone termed this a demoralizing period for the Muslims as many of them lost the will to fight against the Maratha Empire. This ended the 3 centuries Arab rule over Punjab. The province's southward is arid. [14], Punjab Safe Cities Authority (October, 2018), The Bank of Punjab partnered with Punjab Safe Cities Authority in October 2018 to power e-Challan collection through automated monitoring system installed across Lahore. Sikh texts, for example, document their "Guru Teg Bahadur accompanying sixteen Hindu Brahmins on a quest to stop Mughal persecution of Hindus; they were arrested and commanded to convert to Islam on pain of torture and death", states Gier, "they all refused, and in November 1675, Mati Das was sawed in half, Dayal Das was boiled alive, Sati Das was burned alive, and Teg Bahadar was beheaded."[244]. By the mid-century, Bengal and much of central India was under the Delhi Sultanate. Although Arabs occupied the areas south of Helmand in 673 AD permanently[40][44] Zunbil defeated Yazid b. Salm's army in 681 AD at Junzah, and Arabs had to pay 500,000 dirhams as ransom to get free their prisoners,[45] but the Arabs defeated and killed[vague] Zunbil in Sistan in 685. Islam created a compact under which political power, law and religion became fused in a manner so as to safeguard the interests of the mercantile class. [197], Muslim texts of that period are replete with iconoclast rhetoric, descriptions of mass-slaughter of Hindus, and repeats ad nauseam about "the army of Islam obtain[ing] abundant wealth and unlimited riches" from the conquered sites. Exterior wall reliefs at Hoysaleswara Temple. However, the sacred temples, icons and the looted image carried away was still sacred and treated with respect by the victorious Hindu king and his forces, states Richard Davis. [24] The province's Shahi Jirga (the grand council of tribal elders[25]) and the non-official members of the Quetta Municipality,[26] according to the Pakistani narrative,[27]:80 agreed to join Pakistan unanimously on 29 June 1947;[26] however, the Shahi Jirga was stripped of its members from the Kalat State prior to the vote. [99][100] In September 2015, a case was filed in Supreme Court of Pakistan against Government of Punjab, Pakistan as it did not take any step to implement the Punjabi language in the province. [133] In 1818 they slaughtered Afghans and Muslims in trading city of Multan killing Afghan governor Nawab Muzzafar Khan and five of his sons in the Siege of Multan. Wheat and cotton are the largest crops. Punjab borders Jammu and Kashmir in the north, and the Indian states of Punjab and Rajasthan to the east. [220] In some cases, the policies on destroying or letting Hindus worship in their old temples changed as Sultans changed. The armies of Delhi Sultanate led by Muslim Commander Malik Kafur plundered the Meenakshi Temple and looted it of its valuables. Centuries before the arrival of Islam in the 7th Century, parts of Balochistan were ruled by the Paratarajas, an Indo-Scythian dynasty.

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