Besides the histories of military bases listed above, exemplary studies of small spaces include Ron Robins examination of embassies and cemeteries in Enclaves of America: The Rhetoric of American Political Architecture Abroad, 19001965 (Princeton, NJ, 1992); John Lindsay-Polands portrait of San Jose Island in Emperors in the Jungle: The Hidden History of the U.S. in Panama (Durham, NC, 2003), ch. California filled with whites and transitioned from military rule to statehood in two years. In 1898, the rush of imperial expansion encouraged a new understanding of the United States as the Greater United States. The United States of America : including all its newly acquired territory. Treaty of Paris
Bouda Etemad, Possessing the World: Taking the Measurements of Colonisation from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century , trans. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. currently an unorganized, unincorporated U.S. territory under
4. They hung on classroom walls. 45 But what we are learning is how important those small specks nevertheless are, as they act as staging grounds for precisely the kind of economic, military, and cultural interventions that the Wisconsin School emphasized. Don't use plagiarized sources. Retrieved from the Library of Congress,
. Mexican Cession. But even that familiar story, when viewed through the lens of territoriality, can seem new. state.gov. In other words, if you looked up in late 1945 and saw the stars and stripes waving overhead, it was more likely that you lived in a colony or occupied country than that you lived on the mainland. for $10 million, plus $250,000 annually; ceded to Panama
sovereign, self-governing republic. There has been an accelerating avalanche of high-profile books on U.S. overseas territory, especially the Philippines. 23 In the past decade, Diplomatic History has dramatically increased its publishing on the Philippines, with an article every two or three years. 38, Yet from its territorial apex, the United States did something unprecedented. At upper left margin: No. The most thorough account of Hawaiian martial law is Harry N. Scheiber and Jane L. Scheiber, Bayonets in Paradise: A Half-Century Retrospect on Martial Law in Hawaii, 19411946, University of Hawaii Law Review 19 (1997): 477648. I am here counting Washington, D.C., among the states, even though it is a district, not a state, and lacks the full rights that states have. Like United Kingdom, it applies merely to the central and dominating body, the seat of empire; and Greater America comprises almost as wide a range of governments as Greater Britain itself. 17. United States--Foreign relations, - The country claimed 94 such islands . The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, Names Bicknell, Edward. 2. Opening to China, A State of Neutrality: State Development and Early American Neutrality, U.S. Art Museums and Exhibition Diplomacy, Cultural Intermediaries and the Sounds of Freedom, About the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. 23. Map of A map of the United States showing the territorial acquisitions up to the Gadsden Purchase in northern Mexico in 1853. The literature on U.S. empire is truly voluminous. 27. Nevertheless, 8.85% is probably slightly high because, although it does not count black Filipinos and Guamanians (presumably very low numbers in 1940), it classes all non-white Puerto Ricans as black, whereas many were non-black. 19. Nevertheless, it is worth pointing out that a full census of all the people who lived under U.S. jurisdiction at the wars endresidents of the states, colonies, and occupied zonesreveals the astonishing fact that the majority (51%) lived outside of the continental United States. Fish and Wildlife Service, Unincorporated territory annexed under Guano Act of
Albizus long career defies easy summary. To occupy a country temporarily is obviously different from annexing it. Indeed, a remarkable feature of the intellectual moment of 1898 was its revision of the history of continental expansion, by which western territories came to be seen as quasi-colonies. Certainly, in terms of size, current overseas holdings dont add up to muchall U.S. overseas territory today, including military bases, comprises an area smaller than Connecticut. 26. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford, 2007). 37, To that accounting should be added the overseas military bases that the United States took during the warthe third arc in the history of the Greater United States. Purchase from Mexico following American-Mexican War; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims. Each franchise was licensed to operate within a . (Santo Domingo, 1998). 8. 1856; under the jurisdiction of the U.S. in 1999, Purchased from Denmark
Help With Assignments 1 [from old catalog] Created / Published Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. . It was when the Viet Minh attacked the French air base at Dien Bien Phu, which ultimately pulled the United States into the Vietnam War. For a larger overview of the Philippines during the war, the places to start are Teodoro A. Agoncillo, The Fateful Years: Japans Adventure in the Philippines (Quezon City, 1965), 2 vols., and Richard Trota Jose, ed., World War II and the Japanese Occupation (Quezon City, 2006). One might think its because U.S. historians are exceptionalists and dont pay attention to empire. But those familiar borders only held for four years. "The United States have always protested against the doctrine of international law which permits the subjugation of the weak by the strong. The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain. of the United States, Geography 20 The reason for Oklahomas long period of territorial subjugation is that, for the majority of the nineteenth century, it wasnt Oklahoma but Indian Territory, a legally defined but unorganized all-Indian territory within the United States. The Greater United States (1904), . It had also laid claim to nearly all of Micronesia. annually; ceded to Panama in 1999, Purchased from Denmark for $25 million; currently an
Mexican Cession. The New York Puerto Rican Day Parade last summer was also dedicated to Pedro Albizu Campos. independent as Republic of the Marshall
But moving it into the non-state column changes little. 29, September 1, 1949, 3; American Samoa (16): American Samoa Statistical Digest (Pago Pago: 1994), 17; Guam and Micronesia (35 together): Hal Friedman, Creating an American Lake: United States Imperialism and Strategic Security in the Pacific Basin, 194547 (Westport, CT, 2001), 122; U.S. 26. The historical literature on bases is growing quickly, with an especially tight focus on the tense relationships between bases and their surrounding areas. <>
The Spanish-American war and A defence of the McKinley administration from attacks of Mr. Carl Schurz and other anti-imperialists. Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as This was a war, not over latitudes but points, in which particular spots on the mapthe Green Zone in Iraq, black-site prisons sprinkled throughout foreign countries, Guam, Guantnamo Bay, the all-important military base of Diego Garciatook on outsize significance. Calculated from figures in Franklin K. Van Zandt, Boundaries of the United States and the Several States (Washington, DC, 1966), 26264 and Thomas Donaldson, The Public Domain: Its History, with Statistics (Washington, DC, 1884), 8788. That is, for perspective, substantially longer than the French possessed Indochina or than King Leopold and Belgium held the Congo. Paul V. McNutt, address at Beta Theta Pi Fraternity, November 27, 1946; McNutt, P.V., Correspondence and Speeches, 194546 folder, box 7, Office of the High Commissioner of the Philippine Islands, Records of the Washington, DC, Office, 194246, Records of the Office of Territories, Record Group 126, National Archives and Records Administration. Mariana Islands, United Nations Trust Territory; 1986 most islands adopt
But what isnt important to the argument is the formal empire. 4 0 obj
The 18981899 annexations showed U.S. thinkers their country from a new perspective. - Both Hillary Clinton and Rudy Giuliani marched in that parade. See also Stacie L. Pettyjohn, U. S. Global Defense Posture, 17832001 (Santa Monica, CA, 2012). David Rumsey Map Collection. It has to do also with something deeper: our conception of the United States. More recent work that explores the subordinated status of western territories includes Earl S. Pomeroy, The Territories and the United States, 18611890: Studies in Colonial Administration (Philadelphia, PA, 1947); Whitney T. Perkins, Denial of Empire: The United States and Its Dependencies (Leyden, 1962); Jack Ericson Eblen, The First and Second United States Empires: Governors and Territorial Government, 17841912 (Pittsburgh, PA, 1968); Andrew R. L. Cayton, The Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 17801825 (Kent, OH, 1986); Peter S. Onuf, Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance (Bloomington, IN, 1987); Peter J. Kastor, The Nations Crucible: The Louisiana Purchase and the Creation of America (New Haven, CT, 2004); Gary Lawson and Guy Seidman, The Constitution of Empire: Territorial Expansion and American Legal History (New Haven, CT, 2004); Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow, eds., The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 18031898 (Lanham, MD, 2005); and Go, Patterns of Empire . Discussion Board 5 12 Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Russia for $7.2 million; Statehood
U.S. overseas territories listed by the 1940 census. Not only have we learned to tell the history of these places, but weve gone back and realized the importance of other small spaces: including Vieques, Baguio, Kwajalein, and the Bikini atoll. I have emphasized the United States overseas colonies, places like Puerto Rico and the Philippines. Donald M. Seekins, Historical Setting, in Ronald E. Dolan, Philippines: A Country Study (Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1991), 41. Congress rejected the proposal, though, partly to avoid the prospect of Indian representatives in the Capitol. 9. A helpful account of the Wisconsin School is Morgans Into New Territory . Williams and the many historians working in his long shadow have always happily acknowledged the colonies that the United States took. For a comparable historiographical concept, see Gary Wilders notion of Greater France in The Imperial Nation-State: Negritude and Colonialism Humanism between the Two World Wars (Chicago, IL, 2005). Not yet. 27. It may be done because the neighboring urban areas seek municipal services or because a city seeks control over its suburbs or neighboring unincorporated areas. 37. This was not a freak event. The turn-of-the-century literature: Gilson Willets and Margaret Hamm, Greater America: Heroes, Battles, Camps (New York, 1898); Greater America in Picture and Story: The Army, the Navy, and Our New Possessions (Chicago, IL, 1898); David Jayne Hill, Greater America (Washington, DC: 1898); Great Northern Railway Company, Greater America: A Brief Description of the New Pacific Colonies and How to Reach Them (St. Paul, MN, 1899); Charles Morris, The Greater Republic: A New History of the United States (New York, 1899); Greater America: The Latest Acquired Insular Possessions (Boston: 1900); George Campbell, The Greater United States of America, or, the United States in Destiny (Topeka, KS, 1904); Archibald Ross Colquhoun, Greater America (New York, 1904); Ralph D. Paine, The Greater America (New York, 1907). diss., University of Michigan, 2011); Peter Bacon Hales on atomic testing on the Bikini atoll in Outside the Gates of Eden: The Dream of America from Hiroshima to Now (Chicago, IL, 2014), ch. More about Copyright and other Restrictions. Not only was the occupation itself onerous, but the reconquest of those colonies by the United States was extraordinarily violent. This was an intellectually transformative event. The revolt touched eight cities. Who was Gregorio Cortez and what happened to him. By then, it had reclaimed its Pacific colonies from Japan. Well before all of the continental territories became states, the United States embarked on a second phase of territorial history: overseas territories. After thousands of whites poured into the territory, many in breach of federal law, it was eventually admitted as a white-majority state in 1907. Research at least 6 tools in each category and, Please Follow All The Requirements Carefully And Upload On Time 4 1857-1904 - Other Gains in the Pacific The United States government intervened in other parts of the Pacific at the same time that events played out in the Spanish-American War. 9. A key enabling move made by Williams and the Wisconsin School that continued his ideas was to refuse to limit discussion of empire to a discussion of colonies. The reason has not just to do with our conception of empire. United States--Colonial question, - Swains Island was annexed in 1925 (occupied since 1856), . for $5 million in assumed claims under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico
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Yet, the U.S. census often administered different questionnaires to the colonies than to the mainland, questionnaires with incommensurable racial categories. 5 In my home city of Chicago, there is a public high school named after him (with an adjoining family learning center for teen parents named after Lolita Lebrn, the chief shooter in the 1954 House shootings). That narrative, I would argue, only makes sense if you dont count the colonies as parts of the United States. It also added to its colonial holdings in 1947 with the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands: technically a trusteeship administered by the United States on behalf of the United Nations, but held under a unique arrangement that allowed the UN almost no effective oversight. Andrene Everson (New York, 2007), 131. It has proved to be such an enduring category of analysis because of its capaciousness. The Journal of American History has never printed his name. We levelled entire cities with our bombs and shell fire, explained the Philippine High Commissioner. 3 0 obj
Oregon Territory. For a sustained engagement by a Wisconsin-School historian with formal imperialism, see Walter LaFeber, The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective , rev. We typically say that the end of the war left the United States in a global position of economic and political supremacy. But the second arc, concerning overseas territories, is regarded as less so. The country had claimed scattered military bases before, but in 1945, the United States possessed some 30,000 military installations on 2,000 base sites. The country claimed 94 such islands, nearly all in the Caribbean and Pacific, by 1903. Albert Bushnell Hart and Herbert E. Bolton, Hart-Bolton History Maps (Chicago, IL, 1917), map A24. ), 32 Sherman's march to the sea LC Civil War maps (2nd R. O. Evans and Company - Robertson, H. C. National expansion under the Constitution; or, Despotic power versus delegated authority. 31 Over the course of the war, Japan attacked every inhabited Pacific colony that the United States held, and it occupied the Philippines, Guam, Wake, and part of Alaska. On December 29, 1845, Texas became the 28th state. The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain. 44. The comparison is enlightening. The threewestern territories, overseas territories, and foreign basesfit together in overlapping but chronologically distinct arcs. Counting Negroes on the mainland, American Samoa, Hawai'i, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Alaska; nonwhites in Puerto Rico; Negro and Negro-mixed in the Panama Canal Zone; and no one in the Philippines and Guam (for which racial breakdowns were not incorporated into the U.S. census) places U.S. blacks at 8.85% of the population. A very good overview of bases and other points within the network of U.S. postwar power projection is Ruth Oldenziel, Islands: The United States as a Networked Empire, in Gabrielle Hecht, ed., Entangled Geographies: Empire and Technopolitics in the Global Cold War (Cambridge, MA, 2011), 1342. Despite the obvious relevance of territorial issues to the most important events of the nineteenth centuryit was the question of slavery in the territories that sparked the Civil Warwe nevertheless find it easy to conceive of territories as embryonic states, and thus to touch only lightly on their subjugated status. The logo-map silhouette was completed in 1853, with the Gadsden Purchase. It comes from 189899, when the United States gutted Spains empire, claiming the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam for itself, occupying Cuba, and taking the occasion to annex the non-Spanish lands of Hawaii and American Samoa. [Pdf] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/04014391/. Most U.S. historians, especially when working on the zoomed-out, textbook level, implicitly take as their unit of analysis only a part of the United States, the contiguous part. A self-governing state cannot accept . See, for example, James C. Fernald, The Imperial Republic (New York, 1899); Alpheus H. Snow, The Administration of Dependencies: A Study of the Evolution of the Federal Empire, with Special Reference to American Colonial Problems (New York, 1902); and Willis Fletcher Johnson, A Century of Expansion (New York, 1903). Yet Williamss school regarded 1898 as symptomatic rather than substantive: the small and visible tip of a much larger imperial iceberg. Territories with no indigenous populations, such as Wake Island, are listed as unpopulated, although the United States often stationed military outposts on them. Consider that, in 1940, African Americans made up less than nine percent of the population. Six thousand American troops participated in the British occupation of Havana in 1762-3, but the island was exchanged for Florida at the peace treaty of 1763. endobj
Some constitutional aspects of territorial expansion. Congress approved the annexation of Texas on February 28, 1845. For too long, historians, like cartographers, have accepted the logic of the Insular Cases . 2; Rebecca Lemov on Micronesia as a social scientific laboratory in World as Laboratory: Experiments with Mice, Mazes, and Men (New York, 2005), ch. Besides the above, see especially Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley, CA, 1990); Katharine H. S. Moon, Sex among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.Korea Relations (New York, 1997); McCaffrey, Military Power and Popular Protest ; Maria Hhn, GIs and Frauleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany (Chapel Hill, NC, 2002); Ji-Yeon Yuh, Beyond the Shadow of Camptown: Korean Military Brides in America (New York, 2002); Petra Goedde, GIs and Germans: Culture, Gender, and Foreign Relations, 19451959 (New Haven, CT, 2003); Mark L. Gillem, America Town: Building the Outposts of Empire (Minneapolis, MN, 2007); Masumichi S. Inoue, Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization (New York, 2007); Harvey Neptune, Caliban and the Yankees: Trinidad and the United States Occupation (Chapel Hill, NC, 2007); Steven High, Base Colonies in the Western Hemisphere, 19401967 (New York, 2009); Lipman, Guantnamo ; Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire ; David Vine, Island of Shame: The Secret History of the U.S Military Base on Diego Garcia (Princeton, NJ, 2009); Maria Hhn and Seungsook Moon, eds., Over There: Living with the U.S. Military Empire from World War Two to the Present (Durham, NC, 2010); Amy Austin Holmes, Social Unrest and American Military Bases in Turkey and Germany since 1945 (Cambridge, 2014); Sasha Davis, The Empires Edge: Militarization, Resistance, and Transcending Hegemony in the Pacific (Athens, GA, 2015); and Vine, Base Nation . Surely, hundreds of thousands of Filipinos died in the war. In cases where the territory of a future state was not all annexed at once, I count from the time year by which the majority of its land was annexed. This can be most clearly seen in the realm of the law. 1857. The first sixteen chiefs of staff, until 1948, all served in the colonies. 10. 13. 38. Bicknell, E. (1904) The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. An acquisition occurs when a buying company . Kate Zernike, A Palin Joined Alaskan Third Party, Just Not Sarah Palin, New York Times , September 3, 2008. United States territorial acquisitions table, Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 08:11, Territorial evolution of the United States, Learn how and when to remove this template message, territorial acquisitions of the United States, "Milestones: 18011829 Office of the Historian", "Milestones: 18301860 Office of the Historian", "Milestones: 18661898 Office of the Historian", "Territorial Acquisitions of the United States", "Why the United States Controls Guantanamo Bay", http://www.waterislandhistory.com/militaryhistory.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_territorial_acquisitions_table&oldid=1140692169, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 08:11. 35. Earl S. Pomeroy, Pacific Outpost: American Strategy in Guam and Micronesia (Stanford,CA, 1951). ed. Under whatever name, the conception of a Greater United States had largely vanished by the U.S. entry into the First World War. 24. stream
(Oxford, 1989). This was not just a war to defend the sovereignty of countries in Europe and Asia. 2. The same builders who built the famous New York and Pennsylvania suburbs constructed a planned community in Puerto Rico. Cover title. 11 and 29; and William E. Unrau, The Rise and Fall of Indian Country, 18251855 (Lawrence, KS, 2007). 10 It is true that many of the currentinsular possessions of the United States are extraordinarily small (Wake Island: population 150; Swains Island: population 17). Includes Sandwich Islands inset, world map inset, statistical tables, notes, and ill. Books appeared with intriguing titles: The Greater Republic (1899), The Greater United States (1904), and seven books whose titles contained the phrase Greater America published in the decade following the 1898 war. W.B. self-governing commonwealth of the United States, Annexed following Spanish-America War; in 1950 became
But that fact can overshadow the territorial purgatory that future states occupied for long periods. First attempt to open the Mississippi LC Civil War maps (2nd ed. 2007-228. (New York, 2006), 179. The contraction of the basing network is chronicled in Blaker, United States Overseas Basing , chap. This is a United States territorial acquisitions and conquests list, . To speak only of formal acquisitions, explained Thomas McCormick, was just an intellectual game that the previous generation of historians had played to avoid confronting the centrality of American expansion to U.S. history. 7 Once one looked beyond colonies to the informal empire, the expansive force of the United States became apparent. 28 And the annexations continued: Alaska (1867), the 189899 acquisitions (Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, American Samoa), the Panama Canal Zone (1903), the Virgin Islands (1917), and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (1947). The story of western expansion is, of course, well known. . of the Interior, Annexed 1922; later airline refueling; currently uninhabited;
DOCUMENT 3 "Article I: The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any . 24 Today, we can add another major form of territorial extension to the story: overseas military bases. 41. 21. According to U.S. Bureau of the Census, Reports on Population, Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940 , vol. CLASS Discussion Board 5: The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez 286,541. 11. It wound up its occupations, sometimes much faster than it might have (in 1943, Roosevelt suggested that the occupation of Korea should last forty years; it lasted three). On the same day that the Japanese struck Hawaii, they also attacked the Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, Midway Island, and Howland Island, plus the British territories of Malaya and Hong Kong and the independent kingdom of Thailand. The organization consisted of several groups of adventurers for hire that acted more or less independently under the company's charter. That figure excludes secret bases and some bases smaller than ten acres. The extraordinary maps they made showed the United States as it had become, not a contiguous mass but rather an empire with global reach. As a result of the United States' multiple acquisitionsincluding Hawaii and the Philippinesduring the late 1800s, the period is referred to by some as the nation's age of U.S. _____. 39. Herbert E. Bolton, The Epic of Greater America, American Historical Review 38, no. Vendor: Bernard J. Shapero Books (London) Acquisitions control no. The maps came in two kinds: box maps, which showed the North American landmass plus the colonies arranged in boxes (as Alaska and Hawaii are usually displayed today), and world maps, with all U.S. territory highlighted in color, in the manner of British imperial maps. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 2014). The final map in the series showed the United States full territorial extent. The recent monographic literature is large; but see especially Kristin L. Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and the Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, CT, 1998); Louis A. Prez, The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography (Chapel Hill, NC, 1998); Mary A. Renda, Taking Haiti: Military Occupation and the Culture of U.S. It was but one in a long chain of violent acts undertaken by Puerto Rican nationalists under the leadership of Pedro Albizu Campos, arguably the most important domestic opponent of the U.S. empire in the twentieth century. 18 Its worth noting, though, that Bolton himself was shaped by the 1898 moment. We have been so long used to regard the United States as an extent of country reaching from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and bounded on the north by the British possessions and on the south by the Mexican Republic, remarked the Attorney General, that it requires almost a wrench to take us out of our old habits of thought and accustom us to the fact that our domain on the north reaches to within the Arctic Circle; that we have the Sandwich Islands [Hawaii]; that we have the vast Philippine Archipelago. 14, Cartographers, eager to showcase the new dimensions of the country, rushed to publish new maps. only own words please, Creating A Proforma Statement WhatsApp Chat is free, download and try it now here! ed. Levittown, Puerto Rico, that is. 36. America Acquires Alaska Secretary of State William Seward arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia Showed U. S. Imperialism Also made it clear to the rest of the world that the U. S. was becoming a world power.
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