Students at a United States university (N = 769) completed an online survey during fall 2020 and spring 2021 semesters. School child wearing face mask during corona virus and flu outbreak. High levels of stress are expected when crises affect peoples lives. 2011;81: 101107: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01077.x Over the past decade, PsyCap has been applied to university student development and mental health. Moderate level of perceived stress is indicated among the BSc Nursing students studying in nursing colleges located in Pune, with mean perceived stress score of the students Nurses being 21.88, and the mean coping strategies score was 74.38. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Some students coped with the shared trauma of the COVID-19 pandemic by focusing their energy inward and using this time for self-care, or Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. The age of participants ranged from 18 to 66 (M = 27.36, SD = 9.9). Perception towards E-learning and COVID-19 on the mental health status of university students in Malaysia. Mediator coping strategies. Support expected during the pandemic: Type and source. Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to major changes in peoples lives via protective strategies aimed at limiting the transmission of COVID-19, including social While PsyCap directly relates to well-being and coping strategies relate to well-being, our findings indicated that coping strategies also played a significant mediating role in the relationship between PsyCap and well-being. National Survey of College Counseling Centers 2014. International Association of Counseling Services, Inc. http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/28178. National Survey of Counseling Center Directors 2008 [Internet]. Data were collected online in May and June 2020 using Qualtrics after obtaining approval from the IRBs of our respective universities. How Do I Feel Better When The World Is Burning? Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. There are a number of research-based approaches offered in the field of positive psychology to guide mental health professionals to facilitate development of PsyCap and other important well-being correlates. Age was positively correlated with change in PERMA elements, but not gender. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090197, Klussman, K., Nichols, A. L., Langer, J., & Curtin, N. (2020). The following research questions guided our work: Participants 2022 Oct 27;19(21):13994. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192113994. The effect size of the change in well-being for PERMA elements was 38%, p2 = .380, a high effect size (Cohen, 1988). Psychological capital development: Toward a micro-intervention. Grieve those losses, then reframe how you think about these life events. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760500510676, Sin, N. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2009). Bookshelf BackgroundThe COVID-19 crisis has introduced a variety of stressors, while simultaneously decreasing the availability of strategies to cope with stress. Oxford University Press. Think about the things you have done in the past that have brought you joy or helped you manage your stress. Although mental health distress has been an issue on college campuses prior to the pandemic (Flatt, 2013; Lipson et al., 2019), COVID-19 has and will continue to magnify this phenomenon. 2023. Wang X, Hegde S, Son C, Keller B, Smith A, Sasangohar F. J Med Internet Res. Significant risk factors were poor health, prior trauma, poor family functioning, Findings on the effectiveness of problem-focused coping strategies versus emotion-focused coping strategies suggest the effectiveness of the particular strategy is contingent on the context, with controllable issues being better addressed through problem-focused strategies, while emotion-focused strategies are more effective with circumstances that cannot be controlled (Finkelstein-Fox & Park, 2019). Resilience, the ability to recover from setbacks when pathways are blocked (Masten, 2001), had a predictive role on positive emotion and accomplishment in this study. https://www.bestcolleges.com/blog/coronavirus-survey. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431111107810, DeWitz, S. J., Woolsey, M. L., & Walsh, W. B. iGen: Why todays super-connected kids are growing up less rebellious, more tolerant, less happyand completely unprepared for adulthoodand what that means for the rest of us. College Quarterly, 16(1). Talarowska M, Rucka K, Kowalczyk M, Chodkiewicz J, Kowalczyk E, Karbownik MS, Sienkiewicz M. Int J Environ Res Public Health. FOIA Guilford. Psychological Capital (PsyCap) When news of Covid-19 first started circulating, no one believed it would still be impacting our lives today. Behavioral disengagement and self-blame (Carver, 1997) were found to be the dominant avoidant coping strategies that were adopted by students, which led to a significant decrease in well-being during the pandemic. The Career Development International, 16(1), 6081. Find activities that engage different parts of yourself. Risk perceptions, fear, depression, anxiety, stress and coping among Saudi nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The uncertainty about what comes next. Front. Coping strategies that predicted change in PERMA were used for mediation analysis. https://news.gallup.com/poll/310250/worry-stress-fuel-record-drop-life-satisfaction.aspx, Youssef-Morgan, C. M., & Luthans, F. (2015). Keywords: university students, psychological capital, well-being, coping strategies, COVID-19. The International Association of Counseling Services, Inc., 2008 [cited 2021 Feb 23]. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051813517003, Luthans, B. C., Luthans, K. W., & Jensen, S. M. (2012). Results revealed that well-being was significantly lower during COVID-19 compared to before the onset of the pandemic. Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: A practice-friendly meta-analysis. de la Fuente, J., Lahortiga-Ramos, F., Laspra-Solis, C., Maestro-Martin, C., Alustiza, I., Auba, E., & Martin-Lanas, R. (2020). Cronbachs alpha coefficients as a measure of internal consistency of the HERO subscales in the current study were highhope ( = .86), self-efficacy ( = .86), resilience ( = .73), and optimism ( = .83)consistent with the previous studies. Structural equation modeling in Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS, v23) software was used to test the mediating role of coping strategies on the relationship between PsyCap and change in PERMA scores. To combat isolation, come together with your dorm-mates or graduate school cohort via technology. Identify strategies to use to take care of your body, your mind, your spirit, your relationships, your work. Mental Health For Remote Workers: Supporting Employees And One (2015). Americans stress, worry and anger intensified in 2018. Regarding race/ethnicity, most participants identified as Caucasian (83.6%, n = 509), while the remaining participants identified as African American (5.3%, n = 32), Hispanic or Latina/o (9.5%, n = 58), American Indian (0.8%, n = 5), Asian (3.6%, n = 22), or Other (2.7%, n = 17). Check in with your child frequently and listen to their concerns. In future, researchers may wish to investigate whether PsyCap predicts longitudinal changes in well-being in the COVID-19 context. It is important to remember that not everything being said about COVID-19 is accurate. The .gov means its official. Teaching university students active coping strategies, such as positive reframing and how to access emotional support, could help them cope with adverse situations. To conclude, the present findings contribute to existing literature on PsyCap and well-being, using the PERMA model of well-being (Seligman, 2011) among university students in the United States in the context of COVID-19. Whether youre a graduate student or an undergrad, youre probably feeling anxious, sad and uncertain. The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Think about how you can honor what youve achieved. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1546182, Wan, W. (2020). A structural equation model of achievement emotions, coping strategies and engagement-burnout in undergraduate students: A possible underlying mechanism in facets of perfectionism. Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Accessibility Below are some resources that allow for physically distant connecting. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v8n10p102. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 26(3), 329347. University students are dealing with uncertain current realities and futures and may need to bolster their internal resources to face the challenges ahead. Further, they have negative associations with stress, burnout, negative health outcomes, and undesirable behaviors at the individual, team, and organizational levels (Avey, Reichard, et al., 2011; Newman et al., 2014). Of course, its good to stay informed, especially about whats happening in your area. Journal of College Student Development, 56(8), 872875. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpr051, Dello Russo, S., & Stoykova, P. (2015). A non-empirical research design was adopted for this study. Westers recommends trying some of these techniques to help your child cope with back-to-school anxiety during COVID-19: Validate and listen to any concerns. WebCOVID-19 Coping Strategies. The role of psychological capital in academic adjustment among university students. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Coping strategies with insignificant mediating role are not included in the table. Among university students, healthy coping strategies could buffer them from some of the unique challenges associated with acculturating and adjusting to college experiences (Jardin et al., 2018), especially during a pandemic. The predictive role of resilience on positive emotion, accomplishment, negative emotion, and loneliness also became significant during COVID-19. With each PERMA element individually rendering to flourishing mental health, specific targeted positive psychology interventions might be offered as domain-specific interventions. Before Webstudents felt a lack of motivation, anxiety, stress, and isolation. The coping strategy of planning (mean) among students in individual program years (F, Fig 5. Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 24(2), 221230. Selvaraj, P. R., & Bhat, C. S. (2018). I find Docmerit to be authentic, easy to use and a community with quality notes and study tips. Depression is a state of low mood that can lead to several negative outcomes on thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and even physical state. The use of LMS in learning activities can be done anywhere. Brief COPE Questionnaire Top Tips To Decrease Coronavirus Anxiety & Improve Emotional Well Being, Strategies for Healthy Emotion Regulation During Uncertain Times, Owning Your Feelings & Moving Through Emotional Discomfort, Cultivating Gratitude To Support Wellbeing, Mental Health For Remote Workers: Supporting Employees And One Another, Gaming For Mental Health: Using Video And Board Games To Support Wellbeing, Building Resiliency To Isolation & Loneliness: How To Increase Our Resiliency During The COVID-19 Crisis, Peer, Friend And Self Support In The COVID-19 Crisis: How To Provide Support For Ourselves And Others Through Times Of Fear And Isolation, Navigating Relationships During The COVID-19 Pandemic, Back to Normal or Not: How to Help Your Family Through COVID-19 Transitions, Herramientas Para La Mejorar La Resiliencia Y Apoyar A La Comunidad Latinx: Seminario Virtual En Espaol Dirigido Por La Iniciativa Que Hacer Ahora. The 14 subscales may be broadly classified into two types of responsesadaptive and problematic (Carver, 1997, p. 98). International Journal of Wellbeing, 6(3), 148. Although the reason for this result is uncertain, it is conceivable that attending to an uncertain future (i.e., hope) and recovering from immediate losses (i.e., resilience) became more salient, and ones self-efficacy in managing normal, everyday challenges receded in importance. Measuring well-being: A comparison of subjective well-being and PERMA. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Guided imagery can also be a useful and effective tool to help stressed students cope with academic, social, and other stressors. Available from: Mackenzie S, Wiegel JR, Mundt M, Brown D, Saewyc E, Heiligenstein E, et al.. Depression and suicide ideation among students accessing campus health care. 2023 Jan 20;20(3):1921. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20031921. Journal of Affective Disorders. There was however an interesting shift in the predictive role of PsyCap dimensions before and after the onset of COVID-19. Another thing you cant control? Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Oxford Economic Papers, 64(1), 126. (2013). Guarding Your Joy: Keeping Your Mental Wellness High On Your Agenda, 7 Tips For Keeping A Routine For Your Wellness, Your Employees Are Stressed: Why Digital Mental Health Solutions Are Important In These Unpredictable Times And Beyond, Social Distancing And Staying Connected Through Games, Your Feelings (About Coronavirus) Are Valid, 10 Things You Can Do Besides Watch The News, A College Students 7 Tips For Transitioning To Online Classes. The majority of the participants were full time students (82%, n = 498) compared to part-time students (18%, n = 111). Each subscale is measured by two items and is assessed on a 5-point Likert scale. Other coping strategies, such as denial, self-blame, distraction, and substance use, are more often associated with negative emotions, such as shame, guilt, lower perception of self-efficacy, and psychological distress, rather than making efforts to remediate them (Billings & Moos, 1984). Coping strategies were evaluated using the Brief COPE questionnaire (Carver, 1997), which is a short form (28 items) of the original COPE inventory (Carver et al., 1989). The impact of COVID-19 on student equity and inclusion: Supporting vulnerable students during school closures and school re-openings 19 November 2020 Abstract A holistic approach to education that addresses students learning, social and emotional needs is crucial, especially in times of crisis. (F. Luthans et al., 2015, p. 2). Depression is a state of low mood that can lead to several negative outcomes on thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and even physical state. Well-being scores across all PERMA elements, including physical health, were lower than those reported retrospectively prior to the pandemic. The statistical analysis showed that during the coronavirus pandemic, Polish students most often used the coping strategies of: acceptance, planning, and seeking emotional support. Fig 1. The final two pillars are meaning (M), a sense of purpose in life that is derived from something greater than oneself, and accomplishment (A), a persistent drive that helps one progress toward personal goals and provides one with a sense of achievement in life. Recently, the use of positive psychology smartphone apps such as Happify and resilience-building video games such as SuperBetter have been suggested and tested as motivational tools, especially with younger adults, to foster sustained and continued engagement with PsyCap development (F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017; McGonigal, 2015). 2023 Feb 8;20(4):2988. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20042988. Researchers have reported that high levels of technology and social media use are associated with depression and anxiety among adolescents and young adults (Huckins et al., 2020; Primack et al., 2017; Twenge, 2017). The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(2), 7382. Goodman, F. R., Disabato, D. J., Kashdan, T. B., & Kauffman, S. B. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. Cultivating Gratitude To Support Wellbeing. Disclaimer. Students use of religious coping, Fig 7. For university students, the pandemic brought about disruptions to life as they knew it. Journal of Management Development, 35(9), 10981118. Indeed, the emerging literature paints a bleak picture of college students experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. The effect size of the change in the scores of individual PERMA elements ranged between 12.1% and 32.5%. The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. By administering the PERMA-Profiler to university students, counselors could identify and understand what dimension of well-being should be further developed (Umucu et al., 2020). Look for tasks you can postpone or simply eliminate from your to-do list. https://www.immagic.com/eLibrary/ARCHIVES/GENERAL/ACCA_US/A081007G.pdf, Teixeira RJ, Brando T, Dores AR. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 20(1), 5165. B., & Norman, S. M. (2007). COVID-19 and school closures impacted many children and adolescents' mental health and well-being. Good relationships, good performance: The mediating role of psychological capital: A three-wave study among students. Social distancing regulations were enforced in an attempt to halt virus spread. American Psychological Association. ), Handbook of emotions (pp. Baj-Korpak J, Zaworski K, Szymczuk E, Shpakou A. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. Background: During COVID-19 Dont judge yourself; just do the best you can. The study further analyses the causes of Malaysian university students' grievances and challenges and psychological effects in Twenge, J. M. (2017). The scoping review aimed to, Journal of professional nursing : official journal of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing. Priscilla Rose Prasath, PhD, MBA, LPC (TX), is an assistant professor at the University of Texas at San Antonio. International Journal of Wellbeing, 10(2). Additionally, data collection methods and sample demographics would likely limit generalizability. The Brief COPE is a multidimensional inventory used to assess the different ways in which people generally respond to stressful situations. If youre a psychology graduate student on a clinical track, youre probably helping patients manage the same anxieties youre facing yourself. Social distancing regulations were enforced in an attempt to halt virus spread. In this study, accepting the realities, using alternative affirmative explanations, seeking social support for meeting emotional needs, and engaging in active problem-focused coping behaviors seem to be the most helpful ways to counter the negative effects of the pandemic on well-being. Specifically, the study addresses coping strategies and psychological capital (PsyCap; F. Luthans et al., 2007) and how they relate to levels of well-being. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1916, Primack, B. Prior to COVID-19, the PsyCap dimensions of optimism and self-efficacy were significant predictors of well-being. Instruments Your classmates and family members are anxious, too. Newman, A., Ucbasaran, D., Zhu, F., & Hirst, G. (2014). The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the functioning of universities worldwide. During the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents emerged as one of the most 216.368.2000 Perhaps youre juggling your childrens educational needs as well as your own. B., Reichard, R. J., Luthans, F., & Mhatre, K. H. (2011). Coping Strategies as a Mediator Psychiatric Services, 70(1), 6063. Next are engagement (E), the act of being highly interested, absorbed, or focused in daily life activities, and relationships (R), the feelings of being cared about by others and authentically and securely connected to others. Torinomi C, Lindenberg K, Mltner A, Herpertz SC, Holm-Hadulla RM. Interestingly, after the onset of the pandemic, the predictor role of certain PsyCap dimensions shifted. However, during the pandemic, the covariance of the PsyCap dimensions with well-being increased to 39% (R2 = .39, p < .01). Thus, based on the current results and on the participatory model of intervention, a support program for students is proposed which would involve psychological, organizational, and instrumental support. Mental Health of Students at Polish Universities after Two Years of the Outbreak of COVID-19. Luthans, K. W., Luthans, B. C., & Palmer, N. F. (2016). Several researchers have found that relatively short training in PsyCap interventions, including web-based platforms (Dello Russo & Stoykova, 2015; Demerouti et al., 2011; Ertosun et al., 2015; B. C. Luthans et al., 2012, 2013) have been effective. Retrospective recall may be inaccurate (Gilbert, 2007) with participants under- or overestimating their well-being. (2018). Pandemic-Related Stress and Other Emotional Difficulties in a Sample of Men and Women Living in Romantic Relationships during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Investigating the current state of emotional responses and coping strategies of nurses and college nursing students in Anhui Province found that women showed more severe anxiety and fear than men and COVID-19 is a pressure source with great influence, both for individuals and for the social public groups. Find new ways to celebrate. Coping with COVID-19-related stress as Coping in the era of coronavirus: A webinar for students, APA electronic resources available for distance learning, Free Access to the Publication Manual and Other Resources During the Coronavirus Pandemic. Healthcare workers were exposed to this highly infectious virus during the pandemic and suffered several social and psychological consequences, such as anxiety, psychological distress, and burnout. Gallagher, M. W., & Lopez, S. J. Universities across the country closed for in-person instruction and activities, transitioning to remote learning. Positivity: Groundbreaking research reveals how to embrace the hidden strength of positive emotions, overcome negativity, and thrive. Are you able to do these activities? * p < .05, ** p < .01. Findings are discussed in three areas: reduction in well-being related to COVID-19, shift in predictive roles of PsyCap HERO dimensions, and coping strategies as a mediator. College Student Journal, 42(3), 795-806. Helpful strategies of coping Factorial structure of Brief COPE for international students attending U.S. colleges. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.373, Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. They could also be adapted to provide services online. The neurobiology research shows us that relationships and connections are important in mitigating the effects of trauma. Your classmates, friends or family members may be disobeying the rules about physical distancing or doing other things that add to your stress.
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