Other 'office bearer' positions also exist, including '438', which is the second highest rank in a triad, and may be held by several different officials. Inside the hearing, Fisher laid out the triad hierarchy and rituals but offered no direct testimony about Lai. 4.23 A 1991 internal review of the NCA's Chinese organised crime reference (Iliad) stated: Investigations under the Iliad Reference have, however, provided significant collateral for the proposition that Triad organisations in Australia are not central to the heroin trade, but are one element of the Chinese criminal environment in which criminal entrepreneurs undertake a variety of activities, including heroin importation. They are the primary enemy of the Sun Yee On , which is the biggest Triad . Not so, said immigration officials. But it wasn't until July 2011 that immigration officials completed reports alleging Lai was not admissible to Canada due to his ties to a criminal organization. The first reported triad activity in Ireland came in July 1979 when the 14K attempted a takeover of a Dublin-based Chinese gang's protection rackets which led to a deadly gang fight resulting in two deaths. Johnny Kon, a former Big Circle associate and convicted heroin smuggler, testified that he helped organize a group of Big Circle Gang members into a tightly organized and disciplined group known as the Flaming Eagles which expanded from jewelry store robberies in Hong Kong to a world wide heroin distribution network. As an illustration, a former Queensland Criminal Justice Commission officer was reported in February 1994 as having said that Chinese heroin importers were the source for an ethnic-Romanian drug distribution network on Australia's eastern seaboard. In Roanapur, Mister Chang leads the Thai branch of the Triad. [21]"Police report predicts rise in Asian crime", The Age, 10 August 1992, p. 1. Those arrested included Chinese nationals resident in Australia, Hong Kong nationals and Chinese-Canadians. - Multi-ethnic Asian drug trafficking groups which smuggle SoutheastAsian heroin into the United States. As heroin moves through the trafficking chain, control of the shipment is transferred several times: In the initial phase, producers and refiners in Burma, Thailand and Laos obtain raw opium from farmers and refine it into heroin. As a result, the United States has imposed strict economic sanctions on both men, some of their relatives, acquaintances and businesses. at the barrier and elsewhere in Australia) for 1993 also show the dominance of Sydney: of the 115.8 kg of heroin seized, 90 kg was seized in New South Wales. Some syndicate members may belong to a particular triad, others may belong to different triads, and some syndicate members may not have any triad connections. [17]"Big Circle Gang a maverick group", The Age, 13 May 1989, p. 4. There is no real evidence that these associations follow Triad initiation ceremonies or other rituals, or adopt a strict internal hierarchy. From Oct. 15, 2002 to Nov. 8, 2006, investigators tracked 49 separate electronic funds transfers. The dealers drop the money off with Chinese gamblers who launder it by purchasing betting chips at high-roller tables in the citys casinos and cashing them out. As a leader of the Shui Fong Triad in Macau he fled to North America after a violent war over the islands gambling riches drew too much heat. [38] In listing the criminal groups and activities upon which it thought the National Crime Authority should focus, the Review Report listed 'Chinese Triad Societies' rather than using an expression such as 'Chinese organised crime groups'. Broken Tooth Koi, a leader of the 14K triad." Fun Vancouver Fact: Wan Kwok-koi once ordered a hit on Lai Tong Sang, the head of another Triad gang. Further, sellers of high-end automobiles in Vancouver have no incentive to report suspiciously large cash sales. Under the sanctions, any assets held by Wan in the US will be frozen and American citizens are forbidden from doing business with him. It has more than 55,000 . The 14K was the first triad society to arrive in the United Kingdom, emerging from the Chinese communities of London, Birmingham, Liverpool and Manchester during the post-war period. Szeto Yuk Lin is widely reported to have a close relationship with Wan Kwok-koi, or Broken Tooth Koi, an infamous leader of Macau's 14K triad who is wanted in Malaysia and reportedly in hiding. [44]See Australian Bureau of Criminal Intelligence, Australian Drug Intelligence Assessment 1993, p. 35. 4.25 A 1993 paper by two Australian criminologists argued: 'Our ethnically Chinese criminals are just ethnic Chinese criminals; they can be organised in the corporate or enterprise sense but Triad membership or otherwise appears something of an irrelevance'. Compared with other triad societies, the 14K is one of the largest and most violent Hong Kong-based triad societies, and its members appear to be more loosely connected. [45] To the extent that ethnic-Chinese groups dominate the import of heroin, this gives some measure of the distribution of their activities, although the figures fluctuate from year to year. Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. Instead, triad members frequently branch out into their own criminal enterprises. The 14K was formed by Kuomintang Lieutenant-General Kot Siu-wong in Guangzhou, China in 1945 as an anti-Communist action group. [11] Originally there were fourteen members who were part of the Kuomintang, hence the name 14K. Hong Kong-based counterfeiting rings were responsible for as much as 40 percent of the total worldwide counterfeit credit card losses of about $200 million in 1991. The agency placed sanctions on members of Castanedas family his wife, adult daughter and son who hold some of his assets in their names. 4.15 The February 1994 Report of the Review of Commonwealth Law Enforcement Arrangements stated (para. The 14K Triad, including over 30 subgroups, is also believed to have over 20,000 Hong Kong members. Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1993), pp. 4.6 A 1991 assessment stated: 'The AFP and others estimate that Chinese crime groups are responsible for the importation of perhaps 80 per cent of all heroin being imported into Australia'. Some of their criminal operations include goods smuggling, robbery and drugs trafficking. [8] The AFP said in 1994 that: Stability in the price of heroin and its quality in Australia indicate the importation of heroin into Australia is well organised and dominated by Chinese Organised Crime groups. It is the second largest triad group in the world with around 20,000 members split into thirty subgroups. The Triad gangs were started in the 17th . Modern triads trace their history to secret political societies formed in China during the 17th Century to overthrow the Ching Dynasty and to restore the Ming Dynasty to power. After the riot, the colonial government would then arrest over 10,000 14K members with 600 of them being deported to Taiwan. . Lai's membership in the Shui Fung is lifelong, says the report, "even if he is not active in criminality in Canada.". Tony Lee, allegedly a high-ranking member of the 14K's Cork branch, was killed along with Michael Tsin of the rival Dublin faction. Its activities include illegal gambling, human trafficking, drug trafficking, counterfeiting, weapons trafficking . [22] In August 1983, twelve members of the 14K were arrested in Limerick in connection with attempting to extort money from the owners of Chinese restaurant in the city. Lai Tong Sang, the alleged "dragon head" of the Shui Fung gang who fled a bloody turf war by coming to Canada, was the subject of an investigation by the Integrated Proceeds of Crime Unit, according to documents filed with the Federal Court of Canada in Vancouver. // , Report an Issue | The term 'triad', later coined by British authorities in Hong Kong, is based on the triangular symbol found on flags and banners of the early secret societies. [47]. Although hierarchical in nature, triads tend not to be strictly controlled from the top, in contrast to more familiar crime groups such as La Cosa Nostra.
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