names of convicts sent to america

The term of service for all of them was seven years. My some of distant ancestors came as indentured from Ireland. His wife's name was Sisey. Assorted records of criminals, convicts and prisoners can be searched on on Findmypast.co.uk (), though many do not relate to criminal transportation. Daneil Gill , age 81 and th e son of another Scotsman Junkins, were out fishing, when they were attacked and killed by Indians. William Furbush was in constant trouble for his outspoken comtempt of the English authority. His father left him half his property in hopes that he might return, but he never did. In was in court again for stricking and abusing fellow Dunbar Scosman, Alexander Mackanur, who was lame and in poor health. Philip Welchs original indenture, was for 7 years,, amended later to 9 year. Here is the record of the indenture of Henry Mayer to Abraham Hestant of Bucks County, Pennsylvania, on 29 September 1738 fromWikimedia Commons. By knowing how these records were written, you can determine which people in the database came to Maryland as indentured servants. During the 17 th, 18 th and 19 th centuries, transportation was a common sentence for people convicted of crimes for which the death penalty was deemed too severe a punishment. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. In 1768 Sarah was sentenced to be transported. DAVID HAMILTON=== Geni requires JavaScript! Thomas McCarthy Fennell (1841-1914), Irish Fenian, transported to Western Australia in 1868 for treason. 3 went to the company 's local commissioner,17 were sent back to Boston to work for William Awbrey, the company factor and the warehouse he ran there and 2 to 7 men ended up being sold to colonist. Any cookies that may not be necessary for the website to function and are used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads and other embedded contents. Ages varied wildly; one girl was aged nine and four boys were 10 years old. Eventually, Swan River (Western Australia) would become a third penal colony when the failing settlement requested an injection of convict labourers (1850-1868). They learned this trade at Valentine Hill , which is where they had been indentured servants. The death of a slave was a more material loss than the death of a convict. Infractions could result in the whittling away of these parcels until nothing was left, and the Master kept the land, which could amass to thousands of acres. The agent would make agreements with employers who were willing to provide work for servants and would pay passage for the servants to travel to America (plus the agents fee, of course). Cyndis List does index some of these for specific localities. The proportion of the second large emigration from the Scots Highlands can only be approximated. Wikimedia Commons. Until 1782, English convicts were transported to America. Read more about how to use the DPLA for genealogy here. John Bean wound up in the Exeter sawmill. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Most are records of trials, and though a few can be searched by name you will usually need to know where and when the trial took place: This information has been digitised from many different records. A court case heard in the Salem Quarterly Court on 25 June 1661 documents an instance of people who were kidnapped and sold into indentured service. Many indentures were lengthened for even the slightest infraction: arguing with the Master, refusing to attend daily prayer, escaping, theft of any food or morsel of food, even though you might be starving. To help fix New France's gender imbalance, two men come up with an innovative idea: Jean Talon (Intendant of the colony) and King Louis XIV decide to import young women to the colony to marry male. Few colonizing powers, however, can have relied as heavilyi and consistently on the wholesale deportation of their prison population as did England throughout two and a half centuries of imperial expansion. Slaves were more attractive to potential buyers than convicts. To access the database, go to Virtual Jamestown and search for indentured servants. Duncan Campbell, the transportation contractor for ships leaving London during the final years of transportation to America, told a House of Commons committee that, by the time they had reached America, rather more than a Seventh Part of the Felons died, many of the Gaol Fever, but more of the Small Pox. He said that the emptying Britains jails into the American settlements was an insult and contempt, the cruellest perhaps that ever one people offered another; and would not be equald even by emptying their jakes on our tables. Women constituted roughly a third of the convicts sent to America, and nearly half of the women tried at the Old Bailey during the years 1718 to 1775 were sentenced to transportation. Petty theft By far the most common crime that led to transportation was petty theft or larceny. Junkins was scalped but managed to survive long enough to make it to Maxwell's garrison and relate what had happened. Apendix VIII: Felons from London, Middlesex, and Home Countries Teleported 1715-1775. An official estimate made inthe late 18th century was that one in three of all felons in England was convicted in Middlesex. Mortality rates were high. Through Virtual Jamestown you can access several free databases of records pertaining to indentured servants, including the Registers of Servants Sent to Foreign Plantations, 1654 1686. Most of the 50,000 convicts that Britain sent to America wound up in Maryland and Virginia, where they were auctioned off like cattle to plantation owners who were desperate for cheap labor, until the American Revolution put a stop to the practice. The majority of the Jamestown settlers were indentured servants and did all the grunt work for the settlement, the rich adventurers not knowing or caring to lift a finger to do manual labor. He completed his indenture with no more incidents. hide caption, Carol Carman, a descendant of a convict servant, with a mannequin of an indentured servant in the William Brown House. 1. Railton is an advocate for Americans discovering their similarities to Australians, I also think it is important for people to understand that Australians are not unique in having convict ancestors.. It records the names and aliases of the convicts who arrived in New South Wales and Van Diemens Land between 1788 and 1842 and also contains an index of ships. Those who were transported for their petty economic crimes were largely illiterate and have left us few records of their sufferings and later achievements; while those who transported them chose to ply their trade well away from the public stage, where few questions were asked of them. Alexander Maxwell, was at The Great Works in 1654 when relations between him and the English master turned violent. Convicts who survived the horrendous passage were cleaned. Often, within the space of their own lifetime, they achieved freedom and respectability, though many remained tied to a form of serfdom which made them little different from bonded slaves. Arrested in London, England, for stealing a silk handkerchief worth two shillings, Carman's ancestor was transported to the colonies and sentenced to servitude. According to the vicar of Wendover, transportation served the purpose of draining the Nation of its offensive Rubbish. Few of these contain any other biographical information, so further research usually involves legal records. Moll Flanders, published in 1722, was a piece of propaganda supporting transportations supposed redemptive powers. The . Appendix VI: Specimen Eithteenth Century Transportation Bond. The following is exactly how I found it recorded so nothing is misspelled. This example shows search results for Philip Welch, one of the young men mentioned in the court case above. He landed in Ipswich ,Mass, where he was an indentured servent . After 1776, all criminal transportation was to modern-day Australia, specifically New South Wales and Van Diemens Land (modern-day Tasmania). On 10, Nov. 1658 [census? The two young men claimed that they had been forcibly sold into service by George Dill, a ships captain who traded in indentured servants and slaves. The state's Department of Public Safety had unknowingly sent an estimated 3,000 driver's licenses to an organized crime group that targeted Asians in the state, DPS director Steve McCraw told a . 1-2. The second entry, Matthew Goldsmith, shows that he Transported himself by 1658, meaning that he paid his own passage. or result in whipping. Ancestrys record sets such asU. S. and Canada, Passenger and Immigration Lists Index,1500s-1900s,All, Gloucestershire, England, Prison Records,1728-1914, andPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, Runaway Servants, Convicts, and Apprentices, 1728-1796are a fewplaces inAncestrys database of more than 10 billion family history records you can find those ties. Votes: 104. John Touish had the job of taking stock of ore and making charcoal. Convict Colonies. An estimate is that about 20% of present day Australians have a convict ancestor, higher in Tasmania. He was evedently well reguarded by its owner and selectman Nichilas Lissen, as he married Lissen's daughter Hannah after being there only two years. v3.0, except where otherwise stated, Assorted records of criminals, convicts and prisoners, The Complete Book of Emigrants in Bondage 1614-1775, Friends of The National Henry Brown and James Orr,Oar,Ore lived together their entire lives. Library has vols. Brown and Orr lived for many years in Wells, Maine. Archives of Historical Criminal Trials in London. The surviving Scots presented the English with a problem. Many references to this form of servitude can be found in the state, county, or local court and contract records. This means that there are nearly 5 mill. 1635) The proceedings of the case can be read in the, Records and Files of the Quarterly Courts of Essex County Massachusetts, , Volume II (1912), pp. The William Brown House, an elegant Georgian brick building built in the 1760s, sits on the banks of the South River in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. Appendix V: Specimen Landing Certificate for Felons 1719. These include Irishmen who rebelled against Cromwell's army in 1649. In 1654 he married Ann Winchurst of Ipswich. This list is only for people who came to Tasmania and Norfolk Island on convict transport ships, and were not convicts, e.g. Convicts who committed serious offenses were sent to secondary penal settlements such as Moreton Bay, Norfolk Island, Macquarie Harbour, or Port Arthur. John Frost. A list is available through the Findmypast () search page, though not all the documents mentioned are available online. Although it was in the captains interest to make sure the convicts survived the voyage so they could receive their share of the sale proceeds, the convicts on board ship in many cases were treated worse than slaves. Passengers For New England, pg 407 First Settlers of New Hampshire. One week after the battle, the Council of State, which was England's governing body, decided to turn the problem over to the committee and informed Sir Arthur Hasenlrigge, that he could deposed of as many of the Scots as he felt proper to work in the coal mines. Since you are here, we would like to share our vision for the future of travel - and the direction Culture Trip is moving in. Note: Some of the Scotmans were at Block Island after being freeded. After the Battle of Worcester, the prisoners were marched to London and confined there for a few months on the artillery grounds at Tuthill fields, which were about a half mile from Westminster Palace. JAMES TAYLOR/TAILOR, was born in Scotland, possibly about 163 Scottish Prisoners of War Society Transportation to Australia began in 1787, 17 years after Captain Cook's discovery of Australia. Cyndis List does index some of these for specific localities. pg 39 Passengers For Virginia, 1635, pg 111, 211, 268, 374 Passengers For Virginia, p. 184, 388 Passengers For Virginia, p. 61, 189, 261 Emigrants in Vessels Bount to Virginia, p. 248 Their male counterparts mainlyworked onthe plantations or did other manual labor. ], they lived in Oyster River. Of these, about 7,000 arrived in 1833 alone. Lookups of specific research books to find their offline locations can be found via ArchiveGrid/WorldCat. Contents: v. 1. When convicts were sent to America, it was usually because they were given the option of either going to jail in Britain, or working off their sentence as an indentured servant in America. The youngest criminal was a 9-year-old boy who had stolen some clothes and a pistol. This memoir eventually became so popular that it kept being printed for over a century, into the late 1700s. Many references to this form of servitude can be found in the state, county, or local court and contract records. Before the Transportation Act of 1718, criminals either escaped with just a whipping or a branding. The search results will give you references to that surname by page number but will not show you the actual page. This website was developed to commemorate the 400. anniversary of the founding of Jamestown, Virginia. Philip Welch is my ancestor. Welcome to Geni, home of the world's largest family tree. Those who were transported there entered an indenture for an average of 7 years to work off the price of the passage. This free, searchable database was compiled from two texts, Supplement to the Early Settlers of Maryland. After another indian attack in 1711 he sold the Garrison to the Macintire Family. It was then called the Scotsman's House, it had been framed by Samuel Bennett, a master carpenter who also worked on constructing the Iron Works. The transportation agents performed a useful service. There were 4000 dead, 10,000 captured, and 4000 more escaped. The Untold Lives of British Convicts Sold to America, The world's largest online family history resource - Start now, U. S. and Canada, Passenger and Immigration Lists Index,1500s-1900s, All, Gloucestershire, England, Prison Records,1728-1914, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Runaway Servants, Convicts, and Apprentices, 1728-1796, 6 Unusual Last Names You Wont Believe Exist, The Experience of an Ancestral Home Visit, Discovering African American Heroes in My Family Tree. But have you heard about Americas very own convict past? Pointers to a person being a convict may include: the words 'with the permission of the Governor' on a marriage certificate the name of your ancestor in a convict muster the name of a ship and year after the person's name, in a document noted as a convict in a census or other official document, such as Colonial Secretary's Correspondence. View this catalog record in WorldCat for other possible copy locations. They were still there in 1659. Because indentured servants were considered property and were treated similarly to slaves at times in American history, as explained by the Law Library of Congress, many people wonder if an indentured servant can be considered a slave. Their son George jr. was capturd by Indians and carried off to Canada. John Curmuckhell died not long after. These colonies of convicts included men, women, minority groups and also some political prisoners. They are as follows: All the prisoners were freed by 1656 or 1657. Given any means of living when the indenture ended, many lived hand to mouth afterwards. Akamatsu, Rhetta Best Price: $11.77 Buy New $11.83 (as of 04:41 UTC - Details) These indentured servants represented the next wave of laborers. The third entry for Major Samuel Goldsmith shows that he transported himself, his family, and five other people who would have worked for their passage under indentures. Appendix I: The Transportation Act of 1718. The list of which this volume is made up is arranged and intended as a key to sources from which further information may be obtained: it is not in itself a comprehensive statement. We place some essential cookies on your device to make this website work. Appendix IV: Transportation Clause from Pardon of 1655. Puritan minister John Cotton wrote in his letter to Oliver Cromwell, "The Scots, whom God delivered into your hands at Dunbarre, and whereof sundry were sent hither, we have been desirous (as we could) John Paul (abt. To search this database for indentured servants,you need to know that Maryland was settled primarily due to a process of headrights in which a person was granted 50 acres of land for every additional person that he transported to Maryland. As addressed in this article, many indentured servants were forced into service and treated horrendously including those accused of petty crimes and servant women who were impregnated by their employers but they were still considered human and had some rights, however minimal. The American Revolution of 1776 meant that transportation to North America was no longer possible. The solution was to develop new penal colonies in modern day Australia, and on 13 May 1787 the first fleet set sail. John Becx and Joshua Foote conferred with their partners, the Undertakers of the Iron Works. People who paid to transport others were required to report those transported, so the people transported are listed next to the persons name in the database. Convicts who had been sold into indentured servitude, and who were making good in their new lives, were sometimes politely referred to as "servants" to avoid stigma. But the colonization of North American began before the Pilgrims, with the founding of Jamestown in 1607. The country of origin, colonial distribution . 15 or 20 of the men went to Richard Leader for services at his Saw Mill , at Berwick, on the Pascataqua River,in Maine. Paul Murdaugh had no idea that a video of a dog he took to send a friend would lead . They planned to sell each man for between 20 and 30 pounds, which would have made them a considerable profit, since they only paid five pounds for each man. This was near Kitteryand York, Maine. At these remote stations living conditions were harsher and punishments more severe. This is totally untrue, which the author of this article would discover if he had read White Cargo by Don Jordan and Michael Walsh, They Were White and They Were Slaves: The Untold Story of the Enslavement of Whites in Early America by Michael A. Hoffman II, or The Irish Slaves: Slavery, Indenture and Contract labor, Among the Irish Immigrants by Rhetta Akamatsu and other many books. check to see if the book has been scanned for online access. WALTERBORO, S.C. A series of revelations have emerged in the more than monthlong murder trial of Alex Murdaugh, the disbarred South Carolina lawyer accused of killing his wife and son. Unlike all other ancestors in this genealogy, Daniel Davisson is unique. This information will help us make improvements to the website. Subscribe now for regular news, updates and priority booking for events.Sign up, All content is available under the Open Government Licence It's corect. The convicts sentences varied from seven or 14 years to life in prison. While the plantation owners and ironmasters of Maryland and Virginia welcomed the influx of cheap labour, other Americans were less enthusiastic. Are You One of 35 Million Mayflower Descendants? crew, passengers, military. They, along with Edward Errin, bought in 1662, a farm at Bradboate harbor in Pischalaq River at Wadering Place, with 59 acres upland. Those who had a kind master, might be given a small piece of land and the tools to work it. No other reason is necessary to justify an attempt to identify these pioneers, beginning with this comprehensive listing of Middlesex prisoners sentenced to transportation throughout the period in which this odious traffic was conducted. During the American Revolutionary War (1775-83) transportation was put on hold. For example, the book New York City Court Records, 1684-1760 by Kenneth Scott (1982) is still protected by copyright, but the index can be searched by typing in a surname. The convicts sent to New South Wales also incurred considerable state expense compared to those sent to America. Price and Associates is a professional genealogy firm in Salt Lake City, Utah. The remainder were sold to local residents. Mackanur died in 1670. He had no children. These can be found in various ways: Before transportation most criminal offences were punished by death, a fine or whipping. Transportation from England to America started in 1615 and officially lasted until 1775 when the American War of Independence meant that this destination became unusable and convicts were sent instead to Australia and other colonies. This ongoing project includes records from over 20,000 indentured servants who immigrated to America between 1607 and 1820. details of the over 60,000+ convicts sent to Tasmania (formerly known as Van Diemen's Land) between 1803 and 1853. Apendix II: List of Ships Carrying London, Middlesex and Home Countries Convicts to America 1716-1775. FIRST GENERATION IN THE NEW WORLD Britain Sent Thousands of Its Convicts to America, Not Just Australia British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies [James Butler Davis . In one well-known story, a Virginia woman named Sarah Harrison is recorded as refusing to go along with a crucial portion of the marriage ceremony. The work was hard, dirty, hot and dangerous. Besides being uncomfortable and inconvenient, the trip was very expensive. For example, in the court case previously mentioned, the defendants did not win their case because the contract between the master and the ships captain was found to be legal, even though the two young men had been forced into service. Harsh as it was for them, the alternative was worse!, Between 50,000 and 120,000 British convicts were transported to America, a fact that makes many Americans incredulous, says Railton. However, his violent temper got the best of him there also. This searchable database contains records of about 15,000 indentured servants who traveled from Bristol, Middlesex, and London, England to the mid-Atlantic colonies and the West Indies. Defoe compared the destructiveness of imprisonment with what he saw as the benefits of transportation. However, you may be in luck when searching for this information indentures were written contracts so some of these records do still exist. Shelter is thought to be provided only for the sick. However, by the time the Scots arrived in Boston, they were in poor health. Contains names of English convicts transported from England to the Americas between 1617-1775. From 1788-89, the new colony accumulated expenses of over 250,000 pounds,. The 1755 Census of Maryland reveals the distribution of transported convicts across the colony. If the aforementioned online resources have not revealed your indentured servant ancestor, there are other places you can look. of York. This method meant that small planters and farmers who were unable to travel to the ports where the convict auctions took place were still able to buy convict workers. 294-297. it was there they ran a sawmill. The database offers both simple and advanced search options, as well as a Soundex. Here is an example of a search result, obtained by typing in the surname Dally. 1817-1829 : Indexes of Tasmanian Convicts (Tasmania GenWeb) - inculdes several passenger lists 1817-1829. On 3 Sep 1650, the English defeated the Scots at the Battle of Dunbar. Maxwell received 30 lashes on his bare skin "for exobitant and abusive carage toward the master and his wife." You are wrong that the white indentured servants were treated well. The site is not limited to records about Jamestown, however, it includes a lot of information about Virginia and its neighboring states as well. How Alex Murdaugh's son helped seal his guilty verdict from beyond the grave with a 50-second video of a dog. This example includes the different types of entries from this database. Search above They are as follows: Aside from the Scot prisoners, there were other Scots, who also arrived on The Unity. Search the index to Tasmanian convicts (archives council of Tasmania) by name to see some digitised records, including conduct records, indents and descriptions. Crimes that attracted banishment were ones against society, such as theft and deception. With the Transportation Act of 1718, the Crown used private companies to ship more than fifty thousand felons across the ocean, many of whom served as convict servants. Across the period, slightly less than half of all migrants were British, 40 percent were Spanish and Portuguese, 6 percent were from Swiss and German states, and 5 percent were French. 3 Representative studies of runaway slaves and indentured servants are Wood, Peter H., Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 through the Stono Rebellion (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974), 239 -70Google Scholar; Mullin, Gerald W., Flight and Rebellion: Slave Resistance in Eighteenth-Century Virginia (New . After the passing of the Act, transportation became the main punishment at the courts disposal. Slaves were sold for between 30 and 60. Appendix V: Specimen Landing Certificate for Felons 1719. Some men were shot because they either could not or would not march. Machum), Mackie Hill ( Mac Kay, Mv Key, Maki ), MackNeile Dan ( Mc Neile, Mc Neale, Mac Neale ), Mack Neile Patricke ( Mc Neale, Mc Neil, Mac Neal), Mack Nell Daniell ( Mc kell, Mac Kell ), Mack Nester Allester ( Mc Nester, Mac Nester ), Mack Neth Semell ( Mc Nith , Mc Kenneth ), Mack Nith Daniell ( Mc Nith, Mc Kenneth), Mack Nith Daniell ( Mc Knith , Mc Kenneth ), MackKnith Patricke ( Mc Knith, Mc Kenneth ), MackTentha Cana ( Mc Tentha. The number of extant records is formidable. Dec, 26,1660 , he bought land from John Pearce of Yorke. They sold the convicts singly or in groups as they passed each settlement. Conservative observers were alarmed at the possible results of this emigration. Those who were transported there entered an indenture for an average of 7 years to work off the price of the passage. The human cargo trade made fortunes for those involved on both sides of the Atlantic. Slaves were sold for life whereas most convicts were sold for seven-year terms. by Kenneth Scott (1982) is still protected by copyright, but the index can be searched by typing in a surname. How, and with what results in terms of human misery and degradation, were matters of small public interest. Some texts available through DPLA are not viewable online due to copyright restrictions but may be searchable through an online index. The court said if there were any more problems with Maxwell, the master could sell him off to Virginia or Barbados or any other English plantation. The list also details where each person was tried. Mack Farson Rob't ( Mc Fearson , Mc Phearson), Mac Forsen John ( Mc Forsen, Mc Phearson), Mackhane Rob't ( McHaine,Ma hane, Mc Hane), Mack Hatherne patricke ( Mc Catherty, Mc Catherine), Mack Hele Alester ( Mc Kaeil, Mc Kail, Mc Hael, Mic Hael), Mackhell James ( Mc Heil, McKail, McHael , MicHael), Machellin Dan ( Mc kellen, Mac kellen ), Mac Kannell Wm ( Mac Connell, Mc connell), Mackhene Alester ( Mc Kenny, Mac Kenney), Mackholme John ( Mcholm, Macholm.