One of the defectors was Sergei Nemtsanov, a 17-year-old Russian diver. CNN reported that Cameroons boxing facility offered only one ring with a concrete floor. "And because George had gotten out, that really pushed us to try to stay in the U.S. vilghbor utn A kommunista diktatra viszonya a hazai labdargkhoz 1956-ig, Palette: I. j- s Jelenkortrtni Tudomnyos Dikkonferencia (Budapest: ELTE BTK j- s Jelentkori Magyar Trtneti Tanszk, 2014), 5780Google Scholar; Fryc, Adam and Ponczek, Miroslaw, The Communist Rule in Polish Sport History, The International Journal of the History of Sport, 26, 4 (2009), 50114CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wood, Michaela, Romania at the Olympics: Women Gymnasts as Ambassadors in Sportswear, 1950s1970s, Revista Arhivelor, 84, 34 (2007), 27381Google Scholar. When the games finished, Moraru decided that he liked the San Diego sun. Five more players defected during the games, some fleeing to America, others to West Germany. 2019, Cupertino, CA. "She told me I should be a hairdresser," he says, "because I have an accent and I'm a fairly good-looking guy." At the 1987 World Veterans Games in Melbourne, Hansen made a point of entering the same two events Tabori had run, in the same city, more than 30 years earlier -- and after winning gold medals in each, she gave the 1,500 medal to her coach. 10 Political studies of Cold War sport include Hunt, Thomas M., American Sport Policy and the Cultural Cold War: The Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Years, Journal of Sport History, 33, 3 (2006), 27397Google Scholar; Sarantakes, Nicholas Evan, Dropping the Torch: Jimmy Carter, the Olympic Boycott, and the Cold War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011)Google Scholar; Rider, Toby, Cold War Games: Propaganda, the Olympics and U.S. Foreign Policy (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wagg, Stephen and Andrews, David, eds., East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War (London: Routledge Publishing, 2007)Google Scholar; Dichter, Heather and Johns, Andrew, eds., Diplomatic Games: Sport, Statecraft, and International Relations Since 1945 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2014)Google Scholar. "We built the whole house by hand," says Arpad, who went on to erect many spec homes on cheap lots. After landing in the Bay Area, he served as fencing master of the Pannonia Athletic Club, and a year later he signed on as coach at Cal. After a few months' stay, she moved to the US where she taught PE and lived to be 100. When the team heard the news, only 38 athletes decided to ride the plane back home. 8 Robert Edelman similarly discusses the understanding and compromise that British and Soviet leaders developed in sport. In 1972 he moved to New Orleans, where he taught at Tulane Medical School, presided over a local fencing salle and, with his former wife, Annemarie, also a Hungarian migr, raised two daughters, both doctors. 4 Caute, David, The Dancer Defects: The Struggle for Cultural Supremacy During the Cold War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 1Google Scholar; Tomoff, Kiril, Virtuoso Abroad: Soviet Music and Imperial Competition During the Early Cold War, 19451958 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2012), 11Google Scholar. in French in three terms and, after earning a Ph.D. in Romance languages at Princeton on a Woodrow Wilson scholarship, became a professor. "Women are stronger than men, just not as explosive," he says, citing the rigors of a nine-month pregnancy. An actress can get another role and it's the same work. 2 Az MTST legfelsbb fegyelmi s panaszgyi bizottsgnak hatrozatai, NpSport, 24 Aug. 1958, 4. But Provaznikova said she was a political refugee and proud of it.. "useRatesEcommerce": false The head of the Soviet Olympic squad claimed that unidentified terrorists had kidnapped Nemtsanov and brainwashed him to embrace freedom. In reality, Nemtsanov had fallen in love with a female diver from Cincinnati and was hiding with a family in Ontario. In the modern history of the games, the early cases. An estimated 55 of the 110 Hungarian athletes and coaches defected at the end of the 1956 Olympics, and 35 sought asylum in the United States. by Duffy, Eve (New York: Berghahn Books, 1999)Google Scholar; Fulbrook, Mary, The People's State: East German Society from Hitler to Honecker (New Haven, NH: Yale University Press, 2008)Google Scholar; Dennis and Grix, Sport Under Communism; McDougall, People's State. In 1984, a San Diego newspaper hired Romanian sportswriter Vladimir Moraru as a translator. 91 I thank Harry Blutstein for sharing this evidence with me. "For years, before I'd engage in any political talk, I'd look around to see if anyone was listening," says Hernek, whose parents had spent time in custody of the AVO, Hungary's secret police. 33 Szikora, Sport and the Olympic, 1334. But many remained in their adopted country. Mi trtnt a Magyar Trsadalommal 1956 Utn? 70 The International Fencing Federation did not allow Lidia Dmlky to compete at their championships because she and other athletes were not without a homeland and because on the basis of the Hungarian government's decree, they could go home. ANCHORAGE, Alaska, Oct. 26 (AP)A 22yearold Hungarian Olympic athlete who defected to the West was turned over to Air Force authorities today to receive transportation to Washington, D.C . vilghbor utn A kommunista diktatra viszonya a hazai labdargkhoz 1956-ig, Palette: I. j- s Jelentkortrtni Tudomnyos Dikkonferencia, (Budapest: ELTE BTK j- s Jelentkori Magyar Trtneti Tanszk, 2014), 5780Google Scholar. He won national sabre titles in three of his first five years in the U.S. while fencing for his Olympic coach and fellow defector, George Piller, at San Francisco's Pannonia Athletic Club and across the bay at Cal. Heres what to kn Olympic marathon spots are open. Hungary. 82 Sllfors met with Hegyi several times in JuneJuly 1957, but there is no indication that they discussed Kdas. Tnyek s Tank (Budapest: Magvet Kiad, 1982), 76Google Scholar. 55 Their goal was to find them homes in the United States, utilise their expertise to improve US sport and benefit from the Cold War propaganda. Athletes from Afghanistan carry their countrys flag in Paralympics Closing CAS report explains decision for ban of track star Shelby Houlihan, rejects ShaCarri Richardson finally gets in blocks, finishes last in 100 at Prefon After missing the Olympics, ShaCarri Richardson gets her shot against the Afghanistans first female Paralympian is trapped in Kabul and cannot get t Polish Olympian auctions off silver medal to help pay for infants surgery. This does not include an additional 6 medals won in the Winter Olympics nor the Hungarians that won medals as nationals of other countries after borders were . The last one retired. TOKYO, Oct. 23 Three Hungarians, one a member of his country's Olympic canoeing team, have defected to the United States. "It would be hard to be any more successful, except for the way success is measured, with money," says Gerlach, who says he doesn't mind that the Carveboard is being knocked off: "What's the value of being No. At 77 he still serves on the ski patrol at HoliMount Ski Area near his home in Lawtons, N.Y. As the best English speaker on the SI tour, Martin found himself quoted so often that he feared he'd be punished as a ringleader if he were to return to Hungary. the Hungarian canoeist who made headlines when he defected to the West during the Games. 59 Nick (Mikls) Martin, interview with the author and Toby Rider, 6 Nov. 2017, Pasadena, CA. vilghbor utn A kommunista diktatra viszonya a hazai labdargkhoz 1956-ig, Palette: I. j- s Jelenkortrtni Tudomnyos Dikkonferencia, ELTE BTK j- s Jelentkori Magyar Trtneti Tanszk, The Communist Rule in Polish Sport History, Romania at the Olympics: Women Gymnasts as Ambassadors in Sportswear, 1950s1970s, The People's Game: Football, State and Society, Des sordides actes de spculation: traces de circulations conomiques dans les dlgations sportives sovitiques (19671982), Sport Under Communism: Behind the East German Miracle, Beyond Boycotts: Sport during the Cold War in Europe, The Whole World Was Watching: Sport in the Cold War, The Emergence of Europe-Wide Collaboration and Cooperation: Soviet Sports Interactions in Europe. 01 February 2021 - On 9 January 2021, five-time Olympic champion gymnast gnes Keleti (photo) turned 100.IOC President Thomas Bach spoke with gnes on the phone, while Hungarian Olympic Committee (HOC) President Krisztin Kulcsr and Secretary General Blint Vkssy personally conveyed their best wishes to her.The oldest living Olympic champion is also one of the country's most . He died in San Francisco in 1960 at age 61. team famously defected during the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne after they found out the Soviet Union stamped out the Hungarian Revolution in Budapest. University of Florida, 2018, 578, 3201, 3345. 60 A. ghassi, Egy elmaradt kzfogs trte kett az lett, 19 Aug. 2006, available at http://index.hu/sport/2006/08/19/060816bg/, (last visited 18 June 2017); Ldia Skovics, interview with the author, 1 Apr. The defecting players left the hotel, bought a cellphone, contacted a lawyer and celebrated with a Cuban meal, the Miami Herald reported, according to ESPN. 76 B. Nagy, Kdas Gza, a gyorsszbl lett pldakp, 6 July 2012, available at http://m.heol.hu/heves/sport/kadas-geza-a-gyorsuszobol-lett-peldakep-450770, (last visited 20 Dec. 2016). "The story he told me on our last visit sounded true," says former teammate Eugene Hamori, who saw Keresztes shortly before his death. Lidia went on to win gold in Tokyo and silver in Rome and Mexico City, then earn her phys-ed degree and coaching certification before working as a sportswriter and co-writing books on aesthetic movement and gymnastics. 73 In the absence of concrete evidence, retribution seemed limited to requisitioning the apartments of the defectors, although family members could even remove the personal effects beforehand. Jnos Soproni, j csillagok a trvivs egn, NpSport, 19 Sept. 1957, 1; for more about citizenship, see Rider, Cold War. A week later, he rejected that same flag and defected to the U.S. Ahmed vocally opposed Saddam Husseins regime, and he feared execution. She sought the protection of Japanese authorities at the Tokyo airport Sunday night. Olympic officials said Tuesday they would investigate Belarus over her claims. Tabi, Futballistaper, 31. Their son, Bryan, walked on at USC in a quintessentially American sport, basketball. 14 Standeisky, va, Az rk s hatalom (Budapest: 1956 Institute, 1996)Google Scholar; Kalmr, Melinda, Ennival s hozomny: a kora kdrizmus ideolgija (Budapest: Magvet Knyvkiad s Kereskedelmi, 1998)Google Scholar; Rainer, Jnos, Bevezets a Kdrizmusba: Magyarorszg a Szovjetuni rnykban, 19441989 (Budapest: 1956 Institute, 2011)Google Scholar; Pittaway, Mark, The Workers State: Industrial Labor and the Making of Communist Hungary, 19441958 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2012)Google Scholar; Mark, James and Apor, Pter, Socialism Goes Global: Decolonization and the Making of a New Culture of Internationalism in Socialist Hungary, 19561989, Journal of Modern History, 87(2015), 85291CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Horvth, Sndor, Stalinism Reloaded: Everyday Life in Stalin-City, Hungary, trans. An estimated 55 of the 110 Hungarian athletes and coaches defected at the end of the 1956 Olympics, and 35 sought asylum in the United States. According to DW, an estimated 90 Cuban baseball players have defected to the United States to play for Major League Baseball clubs. He represented Hungary in the Rome and Tokyo Olympics, then ran a sports shop in Budapest. Two Books on Hungary's Recent Past, Them and Us: Narratives of Agents from the Kadar Era, Discursive Use of Power in Hungarian Cultural Policy during the Kdr Era, Cold War Politics and the California Running Scene: The Experiences of Mihly Igli and Lszl Tbori in the Golden State, You'll probably tell me that your grandmother was an Indian Princess: Identity, Community, and Politics in the Oral History of the Union of British Columbian Indian Chiefs, 19691980, Soviet Baby Boomers: An Oral History of Russia's Cold War Generation, Secrets and Truths: Ethnography in the Archive of Romania's Secret Police Force, Life of an Agent: Re-energizing Stalinism and Learning the Language of Collaboration after 1956 in Hungary, External Politics-Internal Rivalries: Social Science Scholarship and Political Change in Communist Hungary, Introduction: Interpretations of Stalinism, The Extraordinary Career of Feketevg r: Wood Theft, pig Killing, and Entrepreneurship in Communist Hungary, 19481956, Czibor, Bozsik, Pusks: Futball s trsadalmi legitimci az tvenes vekben, Most Respected Comrade. 113 Majtnyi, What made the Kdr Era?, 675. Csrsz Utca 49-51. XXI. Olympic Games Soviet State Security Colonel to Whom Hungarian State Security Officer(s) Report, 3 Dec. 1956, XVI Olympiad Melbourne 1956 Counter Espionage Targets (TS), A6122, 2776, National Archives of Australia, Canberra (hereafter NAOA). 15 See Neuberger, Mary, Balkan Smoke: Tobacco and the Making of Modern Bulgaria (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013)Google Scholar; Bren, Paulina and Neuberger, Mary eds., Communism Unwrapped: Consumption in Cold War Eastern Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Victor Petrov, A Cyber-Socialism at Home and Abroad: Bulgarian Modernisation, Computers, and the World, 19671989, PhD diss., Columbia University, 2017; Pteri, Gyrgy, Nylon Curtain Transnational and Transsystemic Tendencies in the Cultural Life of State-Socialist Russian and East-Central Europe, Slavonica, 10, 2 (2004), 11323CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Also taking part in track chatter were four-time Olympic long. An Olympic Defector's Chronicle." This retired naval architect still . He returned after learning he'd be spared reprisals, and he became a decorated professor of phys ed and sports science. And I really liked working. Upon leaving Budapest he made sure to pack his birth certificate and schooling certificates. Soviet Olympic officials called it a "kidnapping" and part of an. ", His runners -- Sandor Iharos, Istvan Rozsavogli and fellow defector Laszlo Tabori -- had been the Kenyans of their time, breaking 22 world records between 1954 and the Melbourne Games. Using a scholarship reserved for Hungarian refugees, she enrolled at Colorado, studying dance and phys ed and competing in and coaching gymnastics. 74 This is demonstrated by the International Fencing Federation's support for Hungary in not allowing Dmlky to compete at their championships for the United States. By then he had met his beautician wife, Barbara. disszidlsi gye, 3 Mar. . It looks like a still from Casablanca, the photo SI ran of Lidia Domolky's reunion with her brother George, who had swum a river and dodged landmines to escape Hungary through Austria and join her in the U.S. I loved the man.". Olympic medalists abounded, including Bob Seagren(pole vault gold 1968 and silver 1972) and Ron Morris(pole vault silver 1960). He went on to become U.S. Olympian, serving as coxswain of the men's eight that won gold at the 1964 Games. Hungarian Defectors Story: 1956 Summer Olympics: Closeup portrait of Hungary gymnast Andrea Bodo during photo shoot in private home. 55 The stance of sport leader Gyula Hegyi also proved crucial for athletes wanting to defect. Later that week, the Cuban team took the field with only 10 players, ESPN reported. With no health insurance, he accepted the Hungarian sports ministry's offer of medical care, an apartment and a pension to return to Budapest, where he died in 2002. I had the freedom to develop those talents, and the biggest key, the freedom to make mistakes. His decision to defect was one of the easiest, as both of his parents had died, his father at Auschwitz. 1957, 32. team famously defected during the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne after they found out the Soviet Union stamped out the Hungarian Revolution in Budapest. During the games, the water polo semifinal between Hungary and the Soviet Union turned nasty, and photos showed players with bloody mouths and foreheads coming out of the pool. by Bryan Dawson. After selling more than 50,000 Carveboards in 35 countries, the business has ridden the go-down part of that cycle. Keresztes, do you want to pay cash this time, or just leave your watch here as you used to? Fax +36 1 386 9670. But after losing critical weeks of training to the Revolution, Tabori placed sixth in the 5,000 meters in Melbourne and missed a medal in the 1,500 by hundredths of a second. 22 On two athlete-defectors experiences in the United States, see Mellis, Johanna, Cold War Politics and the California Running Scene: The Experiences of Mihly Igli and Lszl Tbori in the Golden State, Journal of Sport History, 46, 1 (Spring 2019), 6281CrossRefGoogle Scholar. When parents at the Bay Area club heard Zador had been an Olympian, they asked him to teach their children to swim. Total loading time: 0 "She got to be at the Olympics on a national record relay . As Japan prepares for the 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games, it is important to look back at the extraordinary story of the last time Japan hosted the Summer Games in 1964. . He ran the pool at a rec center in Lynwood, Calif., before coaching at Miami, then in Spain and finally in Australia. They already have as many as I do." Hernek and Mary Ann DuChai, who was a U.S. Olympic tandem kayaker in Rome, have three children, and they've spent 50 summers running a riding resort on Michigan's Upper Peninsula. The CIA and the Cultural Cold War (London: Granta Books, 1999)Google Scholar; Rider, Cold War Games, 1123. 46 Norbert Tabi, A Futballistaper: Szcs Sndor vlogatott labdarg kivgzsnek trtnete, Rubicon: Trtnelmi Magazin, XXV, 262, (July 2014), 2833, 31. He became close to the royal family in Sweden, where he died in 2005 at 87. But the glimmer of a gold medal stoked little national pride in the 57-year-old president of the International Gymnastic Federation. 61 Lszl Tbori, interview with the author and Toby Rider, 5 Nov. 2017, Los Angeles, CA. "When returning to his favorite nightclub after 50 years, the old bartender asked him, 'Mr. Rvsz, Sndor, Aczl s korunk (Budapest: Sk Kiad, 1997), 1467Google Scholar; Oikari, Raiki, Discursive Use of Power in Hungarian Cultural Policy during the Kdr Era, Halmesvirta, Anssi ed., Hungarologische Betrge: Kdr's Hungary-Kekkonen's Finland, 12 (Jyvskyl, Finland: University of Jyvskyl, 2002), 13358, 14950Google Scholar. But he drank heavily and, after driving a cab in Manhattan into the late '90s, wound up in a wheelchair with a leg condition. Some eventually returned home, according to Sports Illustrated, even donning the Hungarian uniform again at the Olympics. K, Lszl Tbori, 93. ), The Dancer Defects: The Struggle for Cultural Supremacy During the Cold War, Virtuoso Abroad: Soviet Music and Imperial Competition During the Early Cold War, 19451958, The Olympic Games, the Soviet Sports Bureaucracy, and the Cold War: Red Sport, Red Tape, The Five Hats of Nina Ponomareva: Sport, Shoplifting and the Cold War, Transsystemic Fantasies: Counterrevolutionary Hungary at Brussels Expo58, Divided but not disconnected: Studying a New Paradigm for the History of Sport during the Cold War, From Mice to Men: Miracle, Mythology, and the Magic Kingdom, American Sport Policy and the Cultural Cold War: The Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Years, Dropping the Torch: Jimmy Carter, the Olympic Boycott, and the Cold War, Cold War Games: Propaganda, the Olympics and U.S. Foreign Policy, Diplomatic Games: Sport, Statecraft, and International Relations Since 1945, Faust's Gold: Inside the East German Doping Machine, Presenting Heroes: Athletes as Role Models for the New Soviet Person, The International Journal of the History of Sport, Physical Culture and Sport in Soviet Society: Propaganda, Acculturation, and Transformation in the 1920s and 1930s, Sport and the Olympic Movement in Hungary (19451989), Futball s politika kapcsolata Magyarorszgon a II. A day before the Olympic flight, seven wrestlers also left for Pakistan. China was next best with 88 total and 38 gold. Zador found himself working as a lifeguard in Oakland, Calif., for $6 an hour before eventually opening a restaurant and running a hotel. 1945mid-1960s, Ennival s hozomny: a kora kdrizmus ideolgija, Bevezets a Kdrizmusba: Magyarorszg a Szovjetuni rnykban, 19441989, The Workers State: Industrial Labor and the Making of Communist Hungary, 19441958, Socialism Goes Global: Decolonization and the Making of a New Culture of Internationalism in Socialist Hungary, 19561989. and Additionally, after Cuba dominated in boxing during the 2004 Athens Games, none of Cubas five boxing champs returned for the 2008 Games three defected, and a fourth was removed from the team after attempting to flee. 1945mid-1960s, in Vonnard, Philippe, Sbetti, Nicola, Quin, Grgory, eds., Beyond Boycotts: Sport during the Cold War in Europe (Berlin/Boston: de Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2018), 7181, 71Google Scholar. Address Budapest. 1951, P. 1011, 3.1.9. Without a passport, he was detained by Austrian guards at the border for trying to use his Olympic I.D. Subscribe to our channel for the latest updates on Russias war in Ukraine. In 1956, Hungary flew 83 athletes to Melbourne, Australia. Ted's Bio; Fact Sheet; Hoja Informativa Del Ted Fund; Ted Fund Board 2021-22; 2021 Ted Fund Donors; Ted Fund Donors Over the Years. Pteri, Gyrgy, External Politics-Internal Rivalries: Social Science Scholarship and Political Change in Communist Hungary, East Central Europe, 44 (2017), 30939, 313CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Feature Flags: { Afghanistans flag bearer, boxer Jawid Aman Mukhamad, had the same problem: Afghan officials accused him of being a communist (Mukhamad had trained in Russia). Shortly before the London Olympics, Provaznikova led 28,000 female gymnasts in a demonstration in Prague in support of former president Edvard Benes. Yes, there was that time in 1965, the day before his wedding, that he misjudged a dive and wound up having his face reconstructed. Henriksen, Kristoffer, Stambulova, Natalia and Roessler, Kirsten Kaya, Holistic Approach to Athletic Talent Development Environments: A Successful Sailing Milieu, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11, 3 (2010), 21222CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 214. 99 Curtis Brooks to Dezs Gyarmati, 31 Mar. Rider, Cold War, 122, 129. On how I conducted and examine these and other sources, see Mellis, Negotiation Through Sport, 5267. In the U.S., Iogloi continued his magic, turning Jim Beatty into the first miler to run under four minutes indoors. Silk, Mike, Schultz, Jaime and Bracey, Bryan, From Mice to Men: Miracle, Mythology, and the Magic Kingdom, Sport in Society, 11, 23 (2008), 27997, 281CrossRefGoogle Scholar. As the iron curtain descended on his home in Budapest, Hungary, Andrs Tr turned to one of the few opportunities permitted by the communist government the sport of canoeing. She darted to the United States, where she later taught gymnastics. Selected to represent Hungary in the 1960 and 1964 Olympic Games, he made a life-changing decision. "It wasn't an easy decision -- but I hated the system and the Hungarian Communists. : Patrons, Clients, Brokers and Unofficial Networks in the Stalinist Music World, Contemporary European History, 11, 1 (Feb. 2002), 3365CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Having a background in mechanical engineering, he then spent six years as a wheelchair designer in Southern California before returning to track as a coach. Back where the SI tour began, he took a job lifeguarding at an athletic club in Oakland for $6 an hour plus meals, then went on to install air conditioning, build furniture, work as a masseur, carve gun handles, open a restaurant and run a hotel. Although there are numerous factors that can influence the development of successful athletes, some of the important possible factors that relate to the parents' socio-economic and cultural background include the athletes' preconditions (coaching resources, training, facilities and finances) and their ability to acquire the necessary psycho-social competencies (sport knowledge and connections). The CIA and the Cultural Cold War, Aquatics 19082008: 100 Years of Excellent in Sport, Holistic Approach to Athletic Talent Development Environments: A Successful Sailing Milieu, http://rtl.hu/rtlklub/hirek/XXI_szazad/videok/314174, http://nol.hu/kultura/a-tarsait-szitava-lottek-a-magyar-uszotehetseg-tulelte-az-ugato-halalt-1628457, http://index.hu/sport/2006/08/19/060816bg/, http://m.heol.hu/heves/sport/kadas-geza-a-gyorsuszobol-lett-peldakep-450770. Tomoff, Kiril, Most Respected Comrade. 96 Gyarmati's Story, Sports Illustrated. 27 Hoffman, David, Introduction: Interpretations of Stalinism, in Hoffman, David ed., Stalinism: The Essential Readings (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2003), 2CrossRefGoogle Scholar. All that time spent watching from the shore through wide-angle binoculars stoked his curiosity about how the laws of motion affect sports and led him to develop the Carveboard. He coached four Olympic paddlers at a kayak club in Ohio and spent 32 years as a hydraulic engineer. Several Sudanese runners also sought asylum in British police stations. 1958; cited from Peterdi, Gyarmati sors, 176. For some athletes and coaches, the Games have also offered avenues to defect. Luiz Muzzi, then-general manager of United Soccer League club Miami FC, told the Herald that he watched the Cuba-U.S. match on TV while kind of scouting because anytime a Cuban team comes to the United States, theres a chance someone might defect, he said. Like her father, a gymnastics coach, she taught sport. Title Hungarian Olympic Committee. . 86 For some examples of scholarly work on organisations outside of the IOC that struggled to adjust to Cold War politics and maintain institutional legitimacy, see Cervin, Georgia, Nicolas, Claire, Dufraisse, Sylvain, Bohuon, Anas and Quin, Grgory, Gymnastics Centre of Gravity: The Fdration Internationale de Gymnastique, Its Governance and the Cold War, 19561976, Sport in History, 37, 3 (2017), 30931CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Philippe Vonnard and Kevin Marston, Building Bridges Between Separated Europeans: The Roel of UEFA's competitions in East-West Exchanges (19551964), in Vonnard, Sbetti, and Quin, eds., Beyond Boycotts, 84108. 16 For another perspective on how Hungarians interacted with developments in the global Cold War following the Hungarian Revolution, albeit with those in the global South, see James Mark and Pter Apor, Socialism Goes Global. After winning national breaststroke titles in 1958 and '59, she enrolled at Seattle University, studied chemical engineering and then joined Boeing, where she created gold paint that wouldn't flake off the tails of Continental's planes. 45 Szcs Sndor, 3 Mar. The AP reports that 13 fans from Eastern European Communist countries also escaped. One exception in the Hungarian sport literature is Ivan, Emese and Ivan, Dezs, The 1956 Revolution and the Melbourne Olympics: The Changing Perceptions of a Dramatic Story, Hungarian Studies Review, 35, 12 (2008), 923Google Scholar.